Petroleum refining naphthas

Solvents. Petroleum naphtha is a generic term appHed to refined, pardy refined, or unrefined petroleum products. Naphthas are prepared by any of several methods, including fractionation of distillates or even cmde petroleum, solvent extraction, hydrocracking of distillates, polymerization of unsaturated (olefinic) compounds, and alkylation processes. Naphtha can also be a combination of product streams from more than one of these processes. 

The principal sources of feedstocks in the United States are the decant oils from petroleum refining operations. These are clarified heavy distillates from the catalytic cracking of gas oils. About 95% of U.S. feedstock use is decant oil. Another source of feedstock is ethylene process tars obtained as the heavy byproducts from the production of ethylene by steam cracking of alkanes, naphthas, and gas oils. There is a wide use of these feedstocks in European production. European and Asian operations also use significant quantities of coal tars, creosote oils, and anthracene oils, the distillates from the high temperature coking of coal. European feedstock sources are 50% decant oils and 50% ethylene tars and creosote oils. 

A few industrial catalysts have simple compositions, but the typical catalyst is a complex composite made up of several components, illustrated schematically in Figure 9 by a catalyst for ethylene oxidation. Often it consists largely of a porous support or carrier, with the catalyticaHy active components dispersed on the support surface. For example, petroleum refining catalysts used for reforming of naphtha have about 1 wt% Pt and Re on the surface of a transition alumina such as y-Al203 that has a surface area of several hundred square meters per gram. The expensive metal is dispersed as minute particles or clusters so that a large fraction of the atoms are exposed at the surface and accessible to reactants (see Catalysts, supported). 

Natural gas and crude distillates such as naphtha from petroleum refining are used as feedstocks to manufacture a wide range of petrochemicals that are in turn used in the manufacture of consumer goods. Basic petrochemicals are... 

Naphtha is a generic term normally used in the petroleum refining industry for the overhead liquid fraction obtained from atmospheric distillation units. The approximate boiling range of light straight-run naphtha (LSR) is 35-90°C, while it is about 80-200°C for heavy straight-run naphtha (HSR). ... 

In the petroleum refining industry, hydrogen is essentially obtained from catalytic naphtha reforming, where it is a coproduct with reformed gasoline. 

The plastic samples used in this study were palletized to a form of 2.8 3.2min in diameter. The molecular weights of LDPE and HDPE were 196,000 and 416,000, respectively. The waste catalysts used as a fine powder form. The ZSM-5 was used a petroleum refinement process and the RFCC was used in a naphtha cracking process. The BET surface area of ZSM-5 was 239.6 m /g, whose micropore and mesopore areas were 226.2 m /g and 13.4 m /g, respectively. For the RFCC, the BET surface area was 124.5 m /g, and micropore and mesopore areas were 85.6 m /g and 38.89 m /g, respectively. The experimental conditions applied are as follows the amount of reactant and catalyst are 125 g and 1.25-6.25 g, respectively. The flow rate of nitrogen stream is 40 cc/min, and the reaction temperature and heating rate are 300-500 C and 5 C/ min, respectively. Gas products were vented after cooling by condenser to -5 °C. Liquid products were collected in a reservoir over a period of... 

The petrochemical industry also includes the treatment of hydrocarbon streams from the petroleum refining industry and natural gas liquids from the oil and gas production industry. Some of the raw materials used in the petrochemical industry include petroleum, natural gas, ethane, hydrocarbons, naphtha, heavy fractions. 

Propylene is manufactured by steam cracking of hydrocarbons as discussed under ethylene. The best feedstocks are propane, naphtha, or gas oil, depending on price and availability. About 50-75% of the propylene is consumed by the petroleum refining industry for alkylation and polymerization of propylene to oligomers that are added to gasoline. A smaller amount is made by steam cracking to give pure propylene for chemical manufacture. 

Endothermic reactions can also be run with interstage heating. An example we have considered previously is the catalytic reforming of naphtha in petroleum refining, which is strongly endothermic. These reactors are adiabatic packed beds or moving beds (more on these in the next chapter) in which the reactant is preheated before each reactor stage. 

Xylenes are produced from the reformulation of naphthas during petroleum refining in a process that also produces benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene. Collectively, these are... 

The petroleum refiner, by the mid-thirties, was faced with two problems (a) What hydrocarbon constituents did his gasolines and low boiling naphthas contain and (b) What were the knocking characteristics of each of these constituents ... 

Acetic Acid. Although at the time of this writing Monsanto s Rh-catalyzed methanol carbonylation (see Section 7.2.4) is the predominant process in the manufacture of acetic acid, providing about 95% of the world s production, some acetic acid is still produced by the air oxidation of n-butane or light naphtha. n-Butane is used mainly in the United States, whereas light naphtha fractions from petroleum refining are the main feedstock in Europe. 

Mixtures of gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons which can be vaporized represent the raw materials preferable for the industrial production of carbon black. Since aliphatic hydrocarbons give lower yields than aromatic hydrocarbons, the latter are primarily used. The best yields are given by unsubstituted polynuclear compounds with 3-4 rings. Certain fractions of coal tar oils and petrochemical oils from petroleum refinement or the production of ethylene from naphtha (aromatic concentrates and pyrolysis oils) are materials rich in these compounds. These aromatic oils, which are mixtures of a variety of substances, are the most important feedstocks today. Oil on a petrochemical basis is predominant. A typical petrochemical oil consists of 10-15% monocyclic, 50-60% bicyclic, 25-35% tricyclic, and 5-10% tetracyclic aroma tes. 

Solvent naphtha a refined naphtha of restricted boiling range used as a solvent also called petroleum naphtha petroleum spirits. 

Prior to the 1965-1970 period, most of the hydrogen used in petroleum refining was used for treating light naphthas and middle distillates to provide for desulfurization and product stability. 

Sweetfrac A process for removing sulfur compounds from naphtha. The process is essentially the UOP Merox process, positioned upstream of the naphtha splitter in conventional petroleum refining. 

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