Crude olive-pomace oil

Crude olive-pomace oil Oil obtained by treating olive pomace with solvents, excluding oil obtained by means of re-esterification and mixtures with other types of oil, and having the other characteristics laid down for this category. 

The definition of crude olive-pomace oil has been changed because this type of oil is now not only derived by solvent extraction of the olive pomace but also by physical extraction by means of a second centrifugation of the olive paste. The setting of limits for certain chemical criteria, aliphatic alcohols and wax, to differentiate lampante oil and second centrifugation oil, is currently under consideration. 

The new definitions and categories of olive oil, which are listed in Table 8.3, come into effect on 1 November 2003, with the exception of that for crude olive-pomace oil , which is effective from 1 November 2001. This allows producers time to adjust to the new system. 

A. Crude olive-pomace oil olive-pomace oil intended for refining to produce a product (as B, below) suitable for human consumption, or intended for technical purposes. 

Total Sterol Content. The gas liquid chromatographic method for sterol determination using an internal standard (cholestanol) is used to calculate the absolute (total) sterol content of an oil (68, 69). Gravimetric, enzymatic, colorimetric, and liquid chromatographic methods have also been reported (69). Limits (mg/100 g) are as follows (12) virgin olive oil, refined olive oil, and olive oil (mixture of refined and virgin) >100 crude olive-pomace oil >250 and refined ohve-pomace oil, olive oil and olive-pomace oil (mixture) >180. 

Tocopherol Content. Tocopherols can be determined by colorimetry or GLC (90), or by HPLC (91, 92). Added tocopherols are not permitted in virgin olive oils and crude olive-pomace oils (12). Added ot-tocopherol is allowed in refined olive oil, olive oil, refined olive-pomace oil, and olive-pomace oil to restore natural tocopherol lost during refining with a maximum level of 200 mg/kg of total ot-tocopherol in the final product (12). 

Impurities. Water content (93) of virgin olive oil should not exceed 0.2% (m/m) for refined oil and mixtures (olive oil, olive-pomace and olive oil), the maximum value is 0.1% for lampant olive oil, 0.3% for crude olive-pomace oil, 1.5% (12). Allowable hydrocarbon (hexane, petroleum ether) residues (94) are as follows (% m/m) ... 

Crude olive-pomace oil extra virgin olive oil fine virgin olive oil lampante virgin olive oil olive-pomace oil refined olive-pomace oil virgin olive oil. 

Comments crude olive-pomace oil is olive-pomace oil that is intended for refining prior to its use in food for human consumption, or that is intended for technical purposes. 

Comments refined olive-pomace oil is obtained from crude olive-pomace oil by refining methods that do not alter the initial glyceride structure. It is intended for consumption, or blended with virgin olive oil. 

Crude olive pomace oil (crude olive residue oil). This oil, to the exclusion of oils obtained by re-esterification processes and any mixture with oils of other kind, is obtained by treating olive pomace with solvents. 

Experimental work for the determination of phospholipids in olive oil is rather limited. Freshly produced virgin olive oil was found to contain 40-135 mg/kg (Tiscomia et al. 1982). Crude pomace oil has higher levels of phospholipids. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid are the main phospholipids present in unprocessed oil. Phospholipids are partly bound to lipoproteins. 

The olive biomass samples (olive oil pomace) were obtained from an olive oil processing ctory in Cdrdoba (Spain), which used a two phase centrifugation technique to extract the oil. The samples were kept frozen at -20°C. Two different samples (A and B) were used in all the experiments, which had been obtained using the same process, but at different time of the year. Sample A consisted of well grounded biomass, while sample B was crude and contained visual traces of kernels. The a-tocopherol and squalene standards were from Sigma Chemical (St. Lx>uis, USA). 

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