Petroleum consumption nature

Coal is used ia industry both as a fuel and ia much lower volume as a source of chemicals. In this respect it is like petroleum and natural gas whose consumption also is heavily dominated by fuel use. Coal was once the principal feedstock for chemical production, but ia the 1950s it became more economical to obtain most industrial chemicals from petroleum and gas. Nevertheless, certain chemicals continue to be obtained from coal by traditional routes, and an interest in coal-based chemicals has been maintained in academic and industrial research laboratories. Much of the recent activity in coal conversion has been focused on production of synthetic fuels, but significant progress also has been made on use of coal as a chemical feedstock (see Coal CONVERSION processes). 

In addition to the significant consumption of coal and lignite, petroleum, and natural gas, several countries utilize modest quantities of alternative fossil fuels. Canada obtains some of its energy from the Athabasca tar sands development (the Great Canadian Oil Sands Project). Oil shale is burned at... 

EJ = 0.9488 X 10 Btu. Assumes market incentives of 2 /kWh on fossil fuel-based electricity generation, 2.00/10 Btu on direct coal and petroleum consumption, and 1.00/10 Btu on direct natural gas consumption. 

On a uniform calorific value basis, coal constitutes 69% of the total estimated recoverable resources of fossil fuel in the United States. Petroleum and natural gas are about 7% and oil in oil shale, which is not as of this writing used as a fuel, is about 23%. The 1989 total recoverable reserves of coal are about 500 times the 1989 aimual production (2), whereas the reserves of oil and gas are smaller, the production and consumption rate of oil and gas in the United States is three times that of coal. 

In the early 1970s, coal consumption once again equaled its earlier peak in the early 1950s and continued to grab a larger share of the electricity-generation market due to the price and supply problems of petroleum and natural gas. 

United States and the world (Figure 1), despite perceptions that it has been replaced by other sources. In 1997 production ofboth coal (23.2 quadrillion Btus, or about 4.6 billion barrels of oil) and natural gas (19.5 quadrillion Btus, or about 3.9 billion barrels of oil) on an energy equivalent basis exceeded U.S. domestic oil production (13.6 quadrillion Btus, equivalent to about 2.7 billion barrels, or 3.1 billion barrels of oil if natural gas liquids are included). Coal production in the United States nearly doubled from 1970 to 2000 (from about 600 million tons to about 1 billion tons produced annually). Meanwhile, petroleum consumption at 18.6 million barrels of oil per day is near the all-time high of 18.8 million barrels of oil per day in 1978. Net U.S. petroleum imports (8.9 million barrels of oil per day) in 1997 were worth 67 billion and exceeded U.S. petroleum production (8.3 million... 

Sulfuric acid is manufactured from elemental sulfur. Alining was the main source for this element, which was obtained from sulfide-containing ores, or in very pure form from underground deposits by the Frasch process (injection of superheated steam and air into drillings and the separation of the mixture that rises to the surface). The large-scale consumption of petroleum and natural gas has changed this scenario since sulfur occurs as an impurity in most fossil fuels and must be removed before the fuels are processed. These fuels are presently the main source of sulfur, and their relative importance tends to increase with more rigorous controls on emissions. 

Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, annual, 1910-. Extensive data on production and consumption of petroleum, petroleum products, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gases. 

In Other Value Added (Table 4.4b) is property-type income, which is a composite of several factors, including proprietor s income, rental income of persons, corporate profits, inventory valuation adjustment, net interest, business transfer payments, surplus of government enterprises less subsidies, and capital consumption allowances (depreciation, depletion, and amortization). As expected, property-type income is highest for sector 7 IB, real estate. The depreciation part of property-type income accounts for the high values of some of the CPI sectors (e.g., 27 and 29). The depletion part of property-type income accounts for the moderately high values of sector 8, crude petroleum and natural gas. 

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