Refineries, Refining

S cc also Catalysts Combustion Gasoline and Additives Heat and Heating Petroleum Consumption Refineries Refining, History of. 

External economics are factors that are generally forced upon the refineries. Refiners prefer not to have their operations dictated by external economics. However, they may have to meet particular requirements such as those for reformulated gasoline. 

Oil crude oil and feedstock supply for refineries, refining, storage and distribution of products ... 

Refinery Refining performed at Britannia Refined Metals (BRM) Enoland. Pyrometallurgica Refining Brtls Etectrorefining Process Betts R nery... 

Simple conventional refining is based essentially on atmospheric distillation. The residue from the distillation constitutes heavy fuel, the quantity and qualities of which are mainly determined by the crude feedstock available without many ways to improve it. Manufacture of products like asphalt and lubricant bases requires supplementary operations, in particular separation operations and is possible only with a relatively narrow selection of crudes (crudes for lube oils, crudes for asphalts). The distillates are not normally directly usable processing must be done to improve them, either mild treatment such as hydrodesulfurization of middle distillates at low pressure, or deep treatment usually with partial conversion such as catalytic reforming. The conventional refinery thereby has rather limited flexibility and makes products the quality of which is closely linked to the nature of the crude oil used. 

ALKANOLAMNES - ALKANOLAMINES FROM OLEFIN OXIDES AND ALETONIA] (Vol 2) -in petroleum refining [PETROLEUM - REFINERY PROCESSES, SURVEY] (Voll8)... 

Refineries Refinery bottoms Refinery molasses Refinery processes Refinery sour water Refining... 

Urea has the remarkable property of forming crystalline complexes or adducts with straight-chain organic compounds. These crystalline complexes consist of a hoUow channel, formed by the crystallized urea molecules, in which the hydrocarbon is completely occluded. Such compounds are known as clathrates. The type of hydrocarbon occluded, on the basis of its chain length, is determined by the temperature at which the clathrate is formed. This property of urea clathrates is widely used in the petroleum-refining industry for the production of jet aviation fuels (see Aviation and other gas-TURBINE fuels) and for dewaxing of lubricant oils (see also Petroleum, refinery processes). The clathrates are broken down by simply dissolving urea in water or in alcohol. 

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