Combustion of gasoline

Free radical initiators play an important role in many chemical reactions (see also Chapter 17, Problem 5). For example, combustion of gasoline is assisted by compounds such as tetraethyl lead, heating of which results in bond breaking and generation of ethyl radical. 

A student rides a bicycle to class every day, a lO.-mile round trip that takes 30. minutes in each direction. The student burns 1250 kj-h 1 cycling. The same round trip in an automobile would require 0.40 gallons of gasoline. Assume that the student goes to class 150 days per year and that the enthalpy of combustion of gasoline can be approximated by that of octane, which has a density of 0.702 g-cm-3 (3.785 F = 1.000 gal). 

The combustion of gasoline is a fast and highly exothermic reaction. Gasoline is stored in a car s fuel tank, where it is exposed to oxygen in the air. Why does gasoline in a fuel tank not burst into flames spontaneously ... 

A new type of power supply for electric cars eliminates the need for recharging. A fuel cell is a battery that produces electricity while reactants are supplied continuously from an external source. Because reactants continuously flow into the cell, a fuel cell is also known as a flow battery. Unlike the fuel supply of a more conventional battery, the fuel supply in a fuel cell is unlimited. As in the combustion of gasoline in a conventional engine, the overall reaction in a fuel cell is the oxidation of a fuel by oxygen. 

Lead has been widely used in the storage battery industry, the petroleum industry, pigment manufacturing, insecticide production, the ceramics industry, and the metal products industry. Most of the airborne lead that has been identified comes from combustion of gasoline [33,79] and removal of lead paint [34]. 

Catalytic converters like the one shown here are highly efficient devices for the conversion of harmful exhaust by-products formed during the combustion of gasoline, diesel oil, and other fuels. (Sheila Terry/Photo Researchers, Inc.)... 

Volatility is important to consider when discussing the combustibility of gasoline and the burning quality of kerosene. Gasoline volatility is crucial to the combustion process. In order to initiate and ensure smooth combustion of gasoline, volatile compounds such as low-molecular-weight branched paraffins and aromatics must... 

It is well known that reactions take place at different rates. Some reactions occur in an instant, while others can be measured in seconds, minutes, and hours. The explosive combustion of gasoline in the cylinder of a car occurs in a fraction of a second. Reactions used to develop film take place over seconds to minutes. Chemical reactions responsible for changing the color of fall leaves take days to weeks, and the oxidation of metals takes place over years. Whenever reactions occur, chemical kinetics play a... 

Chemicals can be labeled as either a primary air pollutant or secondary air pollutant. Primary air pollutants are those such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide that enter the atmosphere directly as a result of human or natural events. Carbon monoxide s primary source in the atmosphere is the incomplete combustion of gasoline. Hundreds of different chemicals are present in gasoline. The combustion of octane, C Hj, can be used to represent the general reaction of hydrocarbons in an automobile engine to produce energy ... 

In the present work we consider only the combustion and detonation of gaseous explosive mixtures. The practical significance of these problems is related to accident prevention in working with explosive mixtures and to the combustion of gasoline-air mixtures in engines. In the latter case, incidentally, there are a number of peculiarities which we do not consider here. 

Ethane is a flammable gas present in the exhausts of diesel and gasoline engines, municipal incinerators, and the combustion of gasoline. Inhalation and other exposures cause CNS depression in mammals. Ethane in liquid form results in frostbite,3 and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has listed it under chemical inventory and the test substance database. 

Carbon tetrachloride and gasoline are mutually soluble in each. other in all proportions. The vapor pressure of gasoline is lowered by the admixture, and furthermore the vapor that escapes is mixed with non-combustible carbon tetrachloride vapor it is thus understandable that the combustibility of gasoline is lessened by large admixture with this substance. 

Incomplete combustion of gasoline and other motorfuels releases significant quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere. VOCs are composed of short-chained alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds, and a variety of other hydrocarbons. VOCs are components of air pollution and contribute to cardiac and respiratory diseases. 

The (ideal) combustion of gasoline in internal combustion engines is expressed by the following equation ... 

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