Petroleum crudes, nitrogen compounds

Petroleum crude oll 5 nitrogen-containing compounds PAH s + dlbenzothlophene... 

Petroleums also contain compounds in which sulfur, oxygen, and/or nitrogen atoms are combined with carbon and hydrogen. These elements usually are combined with the complex ring structures that make up the larger molecules of petroleums. These larger nonhydrocarbon compounds form a class of chemicals generally called resins and asphal-tanes. The quantity of these compounds in petroleum is often very small however, as much as 50% of the total molecules in some heavy crude oils are resins and asphaltines. 

The nitrogen in fuels consists of complex, mostly heterocyclic compounds. In petroleum crudes, these include pyrroles, indoles, isoquinolines, acridines, and porphyrins. During refining most of these concentrate in the heavy resin and asphaltene fractions, which might suggest their relatively late release in the... 

We studied the HDN reaction pathway of aniline and we considered two important industrial parameters the effect of the H2S partid pressure and the competition between aniline and an important category of nitrogen compounds present in petroleum crudes, namely the... 

Nitrogen compounds are present only in certain crude petroleums and have not attracted much attention. Most work on their composition has been done in America by Bailey. 

Major nitrogen compounds in petroleum crude oil have been characterized mainly into four classes pyridines, diaza compounds, carbazoles, and amides... 

The energy consumption in our country is tilted heavily towards the middle distillate (kerosene/ATF and diesel oil). The demand of diesel oil alone is more than 37% [1]. The recoverable reserve of petroleum crude in India is 763 MMT against 193 billion tons of coal [2]. On the other hand, Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) produces superior quality diesel oil since the feedstock does not contain sulphur and nitrogen compounds or aromatics. The only drawback is that the process produces a wide spectrum of products from C1-C340+ hydrocarbons [3]. Hence the present global effort is towards search for a particular product selective catalysts. 

Qian, K., Rodgers, R.P, Hendrickson, C.L., Emmett, M.R., Marshall, A.G. (2001) Reading chemical fine print resolution and identification of 3000 nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds from a single electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrum of heavy petroleum crude oil. Energy Fuels, 15,492 98. 

Crude petroleum is a liquid that consists of hydrocarbons, as well as some related sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen compounds. Other elements, including metals, may be present in trace amounts. Crude oil is formed by the decay of marine animal and plant organisms that lived millions of years ago. Over many millions of years, under the influence of temperature, pressure, catalysts, radioactivity, and bacteria, the decayed matter was converted into what we now know as crude oil. The crude oil is trapped in pools beneath the ground by various geological formations. 

The nitrogen compounds in petroleum are not of major importance, but they do tend to cause a reduction in the activity of the catalysts used in catalytic cracking and they ihay assist in the formation of so-called gum in distillate or diesel fuel oils. California oils contain the largest amount of nitrogen and, from scant data, the Mississippi oils appear to contain the least nitrogen. Other crude oils from "West Texas, Wyoming, Middle East, Venezuela, etc., contain an intermediate amount of nitrogen. 

Raw material input to petroleum refineries is primarily crude oil however, petroleum refineries use and generate an enormous number of chemicals, many of which leave the facilities as discharges of air emissions, wastewater, or solid waste. Pollutants generated typically include VOCs, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SOJ, nitrogen oxides (NOJ, particulates, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (HjS) metals, spent acids, and numerous toxic organic compounds. 

Snyder, L.R. Nitrogen and Oxygen Compound Types in Petroleum. Total Analysis of a 400-700oF Distillate from a California Crude Oil, Anal. Chem. 1969, 41, 314. 

RCD Unibon [Reduced crude desulfurization] Also known as the Black oil conversion process (BOC). A process for removing organic sulfur-, nitrogen-, and metal-compounds from heavy petroleum fractions. Different catalysts are used for different oils. Developed and licensed by UOP. 

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