Petroleum comparison

BHC isomers Light petroleum Comparison of GLC and thin-layer chromatography [296]... 

GENERAL PROPERTIES AND CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM COMPARISON OF PETROLEUM FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES... 

By comparison, the 1993—1994 cost (per pound of PET) of dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol made from petroleum was 0.35. 

Alcohol Production. Studies to assess the costs of alcohol fuels and to compare the costs to those of conventional fuels contain significant uncertainties. In general, the low cost estimates iadicate that methanol produced on a large scale from low cost natural gas could compete with gasoline when oil prices are around 140/L ( 27/bbl). This comparison does not give methanol any credits for environmental or energy diversification benefits. Ethanol does not become competitive until petroleum prices are much higher. 

A comparison of the characteristics associated with propellant burning, explosive detonation, and the performance of conventional fuels (see Coal Gas, NATURAL Petroleum) is shown ia Table 1. The most notable difference is the rate at which energy is evolved. The energy Hberated by explosives and propellants depends on the thermochemical properties of the reactants. As a rough rule of thumb, these materials yield about 1000 cm of gas and 4.2 kj (1000 cal) of heat per gram of material. 

Synthetics are commonly employed only when their higher cost is justified by extreme temperatures or by need for special properties which caimot be achieved with petroleum greases. Severe temperature and operating requirements have led to a broad range of synthetic greases for military use (54). Comparison of typical temperature limits are given in Table 9. 

TABLE 21-27 Initial Capital Investment Comparison between Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Electric Forklift Trucks of 2-Ton Capacity ... 

Tar sands, although a form of petroleum, are included in this table for comparison. 

The pollutant ouqiuts from the refining facilities, however, are modest in comparison to the pollutant outputs realized from the consumption of petroleum products by the transportation sector, electric utilities, chemical manufacturers, and other industrial and commercial users. 

According to TRI data, the petroleum refining industry releases (discharges to the air, water, or land without treatment) and transfers (shipped off-site) a total of 482 million pounds of pollutants per year, made up of 103 different chemicals. This represents about 11 % of the total pounds of TRI chemicals released and transferred by all manufacturers in a year. In comparison, the chemical industry generates on the average 2.5 billion pounds per year, accounting for 33% of all releases and transfers. 

Thermal effects depend on radiation intensity and duration of radiation exposure. American Petroleum Institute s Recommended Practice 521 (1982) reviews the effects of thermal radiation on people. In Table 6.5, data on time to reach pain threshold are given. As a point of comparison, the solar radiation intensity on a clear, hot summer day is about 1 kW/m (317 Btu/hr/ft ). Criteria for thermal damage are shown in Table 6.6 (CCPS, 1989) and Figure 6.10 (Hymes 1983). 

The definitions above are an abbreviated version of those used in a veiy complex and financially significant exercise with the ultimate goal of estimating resei ves and generating production forecasts in the petroleum industry. Deterministic estimates are derived largely from pore volume calculations to determine volumes of either oil nr gas in-place (OIP, GIP). This volume when multiplied by a recovery factor gives a recoverable quantity of oil or natural gas liquids—commonly oil in standard barrels or natural gas in standard cubic feet at surface conditions. Many prefer to use barrels of oil equivalency (BOE) or total hydrocarbons tor the sum of natural gas, natural gas liquids (NGL), and oil. For comparison purposes 6,000 cubic feet of gas is considered to be equivalent to one standard barrel on a British thermal unit (Btu) basis (42 U.S. gallons). 

Figure 8-139. Entrainment comparison sieve trays vs. bubble caps for 24-in. tray spacing. Note BCT = Bubble Cap Tray ST = Sieve Tray FP = Flow Parameter. Used by permission, Fair, J. R., Petro-Chem Engineer, Sept. (1961), p. 45, reproduced courtesy of Petroleum Engineer International, Dallas, Texas.

Figure 12-100. Pressure-capacity characteristic comparison of an axial compressor with adjustable stator blades with a centrifugal compressor. (Reprinted with permission Lowell, W. O. Petroleum Refiner, V. 34, No. 1, 1955. Gulf Publishing Company. All rights reserved.)...

Shi, Ying, A comparison of MWD and open hole logging in sandstone and limestone, Master of Science Thesis, LSU Petroleum Engineering Department, December 1993. 

Table 5-3. Comparison of Speed, Accuracy, and Cost for Determination of Sulfur in Petroleum Products...

Wessmann, G. (1978). Comparison of large unilamellar vesicles prepared by a petroleum ether vaporization method with multila-mellar vesicles ESR, diffusion and entrapment analyses, Bio-chim. Biophys. Acta. 542, 137-153. 

Polylactates are an interesting class of biodegradable polymers which may be made from either renewable or petroleum feedstocks. The synthesis of lactic acid raises real issues concerning the relative greenness of the renewable and non-renewable (HCN) route as discussed in Chapter 2. A summary comparison of the greenness of both routes is shown is Table 6.4. Without a full LCA the choice of route on environmental grounds is not easy and at least partly depends on plant location and raw material availability. 

Solvent — The transition energy responsible for the main absorption band is dependent on the refractive index of the solvent, the transition energy being lower as the refractive index of the solvent increases. In other words, the values are similar in petroleum ether, hexane, and diethyl ether and much higher in benzene, toluene, and chlorinated solvents. Therefore, for comparison of the UV-Vis spectrum features, the same solvent should be used to obtain all carotenoid data. In addition, because of this solvent effect, special care should be taken when information about a chromophore is taken from a UV-Vis spectrum measured online by a PDA detector during HPLC analysis. 

Figure 18 28 History matched and forecasted production by Models B and C, and comparison with actual. (a) Water and Gas production, (h) Oil production [reprinted from the Journal of the Canadian Petroleum Technology with permission].

Asa point of comparison, we can note that in 1981, when oil prices were at their peak, the average per capita expenditure for motor gasoline and other petroleum products was over 2000, expressed in 1998 dollars (DOE/EIA 1999a). In 1995, it was under 1000, illustrating the size of acceptable swings. 

Abbad-Andaloussi, S. Lagnel, C. Warzywoda, M., and Monot, F., Multi-Criteria Comparison of Resting Cell Activities of Bacterial Strains Selected for Biodesulfurization of Petroleum Compounds. Enzyme, and Microbial Technology, 2003. 32(3-4) pp. 446 154. 

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