Summary and Comparisons

TIRF is an experimentally simple technique for selective excitation of fluorophores on or near a surface. It can be set up on a standard upright or inverted microscope, preferably but not necessarily with a laser source, or in a nonmicroscopic custom setup or commercial spectrofluorimeter. In a microscope, the TIRF setup is compatible and rapidly interchangeable with bright-field, dark-field, phase contrast, and epi-illumination and accommodates a wide variety of common microscope objectives without alteration. 

Confocal microscopy (CM) is another microscope technique for apparent optical sectioning, achieved by exclusion of out-of-focus emitted light with a set of image plane pinholes. CM has the clear advantage in versatility its method of optical sectioning works at any plane of the sample, not just at an interface between substances having dissimilar refractive indices. However, other differences exist which, in some special applications, can favor the use of TIRF  

Cell/substrate contacts can be located by a nonfluorescence technique completely distinct from TIRF, known as internal reflection microscopy (IRM).(1 9) Using conventional illumination sources, IRM visualizes cell/substrate contacts as dark regions. IRM has the advantage that it does not require the cells to be labeled, but the disadvantages that it contains no information about biochemical specificities in the contact regions and that it is less sensitive to changes in contact distance (relative to TIRF) within the critical first lOOnm from the surface. 

Applications of TIRF in cell biology and surface chemistry include  

Localization of cell/substrate contact regions in cell culture. 

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Summary and Comparison of Results from Different Spectroscopic Techniques... 

The performance of the system was excellent. Stack SO2 was only a small fraction of the design outlet value. The mass outlet SO2 emissions were only 12% of the design values while the tested removal efficiency was 99.92% versus a required design efficiency of 97.90%. Particulate emissions were also very low. The mass emission rate was approximately 24% of the design value while the tested removal efficiency was 92.24% versus the required design removal efficiency of 83.70%. A summary and comparison of this data is in Table 16.4. 

As combinatorial chemistry has been fully integrated into the modern drug discovery process, more computational search methodologies against large virtual combinatorial compound spaces have been steadily developed in recent years (11-16). A detailed summary and comparison of those published methods are reported in the Section 5 and in Table 13.6. A good review on this subject could also be found in the publication by Boehm and coworkers (16). 

Summary and comparison of representative methods to search into large virtual chemical space indexed by combinatorial libraries... 

As might be expected, at low values of 0O the Thomas formula changes to that of Boddington, and at high values it changes to that of Zinn A summary and comparison of the several methods is given in the following tabulation taken from Ref 11 ... 

Martin, M.U. and Wesche, H., Summary and comparison of the signaling mechanisms of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor family, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1592(3), 265, 2002. 

SUMMARY AND COMPARISON BETWEEN WESTERN AND EASTERN U.S. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS... 

SUMMARY AND COMPARISON BETWEEN WESTERN AND EASTERN U.S, CLIMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS (From Hidy Young, Environ. Res. Tech., Unpubl. Report)... 

Summary and Comparison of Different Chromatography Methods, including Interpretation of Mass Spectral Data... 

There follows a summary and comparison of the cogent features of signalling by heterotrimeric and monomeric G proteins. 

Shirey S. B. (1991) The Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and Re-Os isotopic systems a summary and comparison of their applications to the cosmochronology and geochronology of igneous rocks. In Applications of Radiogenic Isotope Systems to Problems in Geology, Short Course Handbook (eds. L. Heaman and J. Ludden). Mineral. Assoc. Can., Nepean, vol. 19, pp. 109-166. 

Table 1. Summary and comparison of the techniques discussed in the review... 

The criteria for aromaticity described in the preceding sections have been used rather unevenly and are of varying reliability and utility. A brief critical summary and comparison of the various methods is now attempted. 

Pol p kinetic mechanism summary and comparison with other DNA polymerases 367... 

Summary and Comparison of Products Found After Photolysis Using Acetone as the Solvent... 

SUMMARY AND COMPARISON WITH OTHER GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION METHODS... 

Summary and Comparison with Other Global Optimization Methods S9... 

A summary and comparison of mean particle diameters obtained from the size distribution curves of SdFFF and flow FFF ( /sed and dpixm, respectively)... 

Table 71.1 Summary and comparison of DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes (see Chapters 63 and 64). Numbers refer to Fig. 64.1.

Table 1 Summary and comparison of the important properties of conventional emulsions, miniemulsions, and microemulsions ...

A summary and comparison of different molecular mobility methods is shown in Table 16.2. 

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