Petroleum boiling ranges

TABLE 18.2 Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Constituents of Petroleum Boiling range (°C) Fraction... 

Petroleum spirit, (light petroleum), boiling range 40-60°C... 

The reaction is carried out in a Schlenk tube, Fig. 1. Acetone (10 mL) is cooled in an ice bath and saturated with carbon monoxide by passing in a brisk stream of the gas for 10 minutes. Potassium hydrotris(pyrazolato)borate (252 mg, 1.0 mmole) and copper(I) chloride (99 mg, 1 mmole) are added to the acetone, and the mixture is stirred for 30 minutes while continuing to pass a slow stream of carbon monoxide. At the end of this period, the white suspension is filtered, using the Schlenk-type apparatus illustrated, Fig. 2, keeping the whole under an atmosphere of CO. The clear colorless filtrate is evaporated to dryness, and the cream-colored residue is extracted with 10 mL light petroleum (boiling range 40-60°, saturated with CO) and filtered. Evaporation of the solvent from the filtrate affords a white powder of Cu(CO)[(pz)3BH] (156 mg, 51%). 

Dyes can be extracted from oils and fats and from chocolates in light petroleum (boiling range 40 to 60 C). The light petroleum is shaken with dimethylformamide (I) and phase I is separated and mixed with an equal volume of water. A portion of solution I is applied to a column (25 cm x IS mm) packed with polyamide powder MNSC6. The column is washed with water to remove solution I. The dyes can be eluted with different solvents (45). 

Distillation simulated by gas chromatography is a reproducible method for analyzing a petroleum cut it is appiicabie for mixtures whose end point is less than 500°C and the boiling range is greater than 50°C. The results of this test are presented in the form of a curve showing temperature as a function of the weight per cent distilled equivalent to an atmospheric TBP. 

The feedstocks used ia the production of petroleum resias are obtaiaed mainly from the low pressure vapor-phase cracking (steam cracking) and subsequent fractionation of petroleum distillates ranging from light naphthas to gas oil fractions, which typically boil ia the 20—450°C range (16). Obtaiaed from this process are feedstreams composed of atiphatic, aromatic, and cycloatiphatic olefins and diolefins, which are subsequently polymerized to yield resias of various compositioas and physical properties. Typically, feedstocks are divided iato atiphatic, cycloatiphatic, and aromatic streams. Table 2 illustrates the predominant olefinic hydrocarbons obtained from steam cracking processes for petroleum resia synthesis (18). 

Naphthenic acids occur ia a wide boiling range of cmde oil fractions, with acid content increa sing with boiling point to a maximum ia the gas oil fraction (ca 325°C). Jet fuel, kerosene, and diesel fractions are the source of most commercial naphthenic acid. The acid number of the naphthenic acids decreases as heavier petroleum fractions are isolated, ranging from 255 mg KOH/g for acids recovered from kerosene and 170 from diesel, to 108 from heavy fuel oil (19). The amount of unsaturation as indicated by iodine number also increases in the high molecular weight acids recovered from heavier distillation cuts. 

The naphtha fraction is dorninated by saturates having lesser amounts of mono- and diaromatics (Table 2, Eig. 4). Whereas naphtha (ibp to 210°C) covers the boiling range of gasoline, most raw petroleum naphtha molecules have a low octane number and most raw naphtha is processed further, to be combined with other process naphthas and additives to formulate commercial gasoline. 

The equivalent weight distribution of natural petroleum sulfonates depends on the boiling range of the aromatic components in the feedstock, but generally consists of a broad continuum of molecular weight components (139). For many appHcations it is precisely this property of derived petroleum sulfonates that provides the unique properties, such as emulsification. Conversely, most oil-soluble synthetic sulfonates have much more limited components and molecular weight distribution. 

FIG. 27-2 Viscosity, boiling-range, and gravity relationships for petroleum fuels. 

To the cooled reaction mixture, 200 ml. of water is added carefully with stirring. Potassium carbonate is added with continued stirring until the water layer is saturated the mixture is now transferred to a separatory funnel and extracted three times with 60-ml. portions of ether. The combined ether extracts are dried over solid sodium hydroxide and are then transferred to a simple distillation apparatus. Distillation is commenced with a steam bath as source of heat when most of the ether has been removed, the steam bath is replaced by a flame. Distillation is continued until most of the piperidine (b.p. 106°) has been removed. The cooled residue in the distillation flask is recrystallized from petroleum ether (boiling range 30-60°) with the use of charcoal. There is obtained 30.0 g. (71%) of N-/3-naphthyl-piperidine as tan crystals, m.p. 52-56°. An additional recrystallization from the same solvent gives crystals, m.p. 56-58°, with about 10% loss in weight (Note 6). 

The product is recrystallized from petroleum ether having a boiling range of 100°C to 140°C in the presence of activated carbon. Thus, 11.1 g of 2-(4-indanylamino)-2-imidazoline (55% of theoretical) are obtained as the free base. Melting point 109°C to 113°C. 

A mixture of 39.5 grams of 2-methylbenzhydrol, 200 ml of beta-chloroethanol and 10 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid is boiled under reflux for 4 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture is poured into water and extracted with petroleum ether (boiling range 40° to 60°C). The layers are separated and the ethereal solution dried with sodium sulfate. It is then filtered. The filtrate is concentrated by evaporation of the solvent. The residue is distilled under reduced pressure to give 51.0 grams (yield 98%) of beta-chloroethyl-2-methylbenzhydryl ether, boiling at 156° to 158°C/2.5 mm. 

Naphtha is a generic term normally used in the petroleum refining industry for the overhead liquid fraction obtained from atmospheric distillation units. The approximate boiling range of light straight-run naphtha (LSR) is 35-90°C, while it is about 80-200°C for heavy straight-run naphtha (HSR). ... 

The chief sources of the paraffins are natural gas and petroleum. Petroleum (also called crude oil ) is a complex mixture of paraffins that can he separated by a process called distillation into fractions according to their boiling range. The C1-C4 paraffins under normal conditions are gases, C5-C17 are liquids, and Cig and higher are solids. Paraffins serve many uses to help mankind. Perhaps most importantly, they are the building blocks from which most of our industrial organic chemicals are manufactured. 

The crude aldehyde may be dried and then purified by distillation under reduced pressure. For this purpose, an ordinary Claisen flask is used. No fractionation is necessary the distillation serves only to remove a small amount of tarry material. The boiling range is rather wide (120-144°/3-6 mm.) but the entire distillate (30 g. from 66 g. of the diacetate) solidifies and melts at 44-45°. The aldehyde may also be recrystallized, although with some loss. For this purpose 11 g. of the solid is dissolved in toluene (2-2.5 ml. per gram) at room temperature, the solution is diluted with petroleum ether (b.p. 30-60° 7 ml. per ml. of solution) and cooled to —10° or below. The pale yellow needles weigh 9 g. and melt at 44-45°. 

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