Marine aerosols

Stephanou EG (1992) a,cd-dicarboxylic acid salts and a,co-dicarboxylic acids. Photooxidation products of unsaturated fatty acids, present in marine aerosols and marine sediments. Naturwiss 79 28-131. 

Walker MI, McKay WA, Pattenden NJ, et al. 1986. Actinide enrichment in marine aerosols. Nature 323 141-143. 

Figure 5. Concentrations of NOi, SOf, CT, and Na (in ng/g) in a snow pit from Station Q-13 on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Station Q-13 is only about 70 km from the Ross Sea. Most of the Na and Clr peaks, which are unusable for dating, occur in summer, coincident with the highly resolved NOa and SOt peaks. This probably reflects the presence of local Ross Sea marine aerosols which are in greatest abundance during the summer minimum in sea ice cover.

To determine the non-seasalt (nSS) contributions of trace elements we have normalized mean concentrations of ions to Cl and subtracted the contributions from seasalt (Nozaki, 1997). We assume that all of the Cl" in the sample was from marine aerosol or marine-derived salt and nSS major ions and trace elements can be calculated. For example the percentage of nSS-S042 is calculated as ... 

Volpe C, Wahlen M, Spivack AJ (1998) Chlorine isotopic composition of marine aerosols Implications for the release of reactive chlorine and HCl cycling rates. Geophys Res Lett 25(20) 3831-3834 Volpe CM (1998) Stable Chlorine Isotope Variations in the Atmosphere. PhD Dissertation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California... 

Sturges WT, Harrison RM. 1986. Bromine in marine aerosols and the origin, nature and quantity of natural atmospheric bromine. Atmos Environ 20 1485- 1496. 

Biotoxins, mainly of the spirolide family, have been principally monitored in shellfish samples. Reported toxin levels vary from 2-585 ng/g [206] to 11-7,950 ng/g [205] in shellfish from France and Italy, respectively, whereas reported values for Spanish mussels were in the range of 13-20 ng/g [82]. This study employed the use of different MS modes of operation, enhanced MS (EMS) and MS3 experiments in order to confirm the first occurrence of spirolides in Spanish shellfish. Okadaic acids were the principal toxin contaminants found in shellfish samples from Galicia, Spain, with levels reaching 2,012 ng/g [204]. Putative palytoxin was for the first time detected in Italian waters at levels of 1,350 ng for plankton pellet) and 1,950 ng for butanol extract thus, it was suggested to be the causative agent responsible for the Genoa 2005 outbreak showing respiratory Ulness in people exposed to marine aerosols [31]. 

Okamori K, Tanaka S, Hashimoto Y. 1991. Transport of soil particles an pollutants to the ocean and their concentration distribution in the marine atmosphere. A study of marine aerosols collected on board the antarctic observation ship "Shirase". Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 6 759-765. 

Zhuang, G., Z. Yi, R. A. Duce, and P. R. Brown, Link between Iron and Sulphur Cycles Suggested by Detection of Fe(II) in Remote Marine Aerosols, Nature, 355, 537-539 (1992). 

FIGURE 9.36 Average size distributions for sulfate in continental and marine aerosol. AM M, is the fraction of the total mass of sulfate (Mr) found in each particle size range (adapted from Milford and Davidson, 1987). 

Howell, S. G., and B. J. Huebert, Determining Marine Aerosol Scattering Characteristics at Ambient Humidity from Size-Resolved Chemical Composition, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1391-1404 (1998). 

Kim, Y., H. Sievering, J. Boatman, D. Wellman, and A. Pszenny, Aerosol Size Distribution and Aerosol Water Content Measurements during Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 23027-23038 (1995). 

O Dowd, C. D., M. H. Smith, I. E. Consterdine, and J. A. Lowe, Marine Aerosol Sea-Salt and the Marine Sulfur Cycle-A Short Review, Atmos. Environ., 31, 73-80 (1997). 

Sturges, W. T., and R. M. Harrison, Bromine in Marine Aerosols and the Origin, Nature, and Quantity of Natural Atmospheric Bromine, Atmos. Environ., 20, 1485-1496 (1986). 

FIGURE 14-41 Typical particle size number distributions for marine aerosols outside of clouds where the total aerosol number concentration was < 500 cm-3 (adapted from Anderson et al., 1994). 

Zafiriou, O. C Reactions of methyl halides with seawater and marine aerosols , J. Marine Res., 33, 75-81 (1975). 

Figure 1. Example of compositionally resolved bimodal and monomodal distributions of aerosols. The ordinate gives the percent of the species found in the given size fraction of the impactor. The mode near 0.3 xm is the accumulation mode , and that above 8 xm is the coarse mode The minimum of mass between 1 and 2 xm is typical the chlorine distribution is anomalous. Chlorine is in fact a coarse-mode marine aerosol that has lost its larger particles during transport from the ocean to Davis, California, a distance of roughly 100 km. (Reproduced with permission from reference 15. Copyright 1988.)...

Understanding the physical and chemical properties of marine aerosol particles is crucial because of the role these particles play in a number of atmospheric processes. Marine aerosols affect climate directly through scattering and absorption of radiation and indirectly as they can act as cloud condensation nuclei and thus influence the albedo of clouds. In addition, marine aerosol particles play an important role in the cycling of various elements through the atmosphere. 

Many aspects about the origin of marine aerosols and their impact on atmospheric processes are still poorly known at present and this lack of understanding stems in part from the relatively few measurements which have been performed in the most pristine areas of the earth. 

In order to improve our knowledge about the marine aerosol and its formation we established a land-based aerosol sampling station on the western coast of Terceira island (Azores). Here we present the first measurements of a project of sampling atmospheric particulate matter which started in Spring of 1999 and will be extended for one year. 

The measurements will be extended for one year and we hope they will enhance the global data set of the chemical composition of the marine aerosol which is crucial for a complete understanding of his climatic relevance. 

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