Synthesis from hydrocarbon

McDonald, M.A., Storm, D.A., and Boudart, M. 1986. Hydrocarbon synthesis from carbon monoxide-hydrogen on supported iron Effect of particle size and interstitials. J. Catal. 102 386 -00. 

Lapidus, A., Krylova, A., Kazanskii, V., Borovkov, V., and Zaitsev, A. 1991. Hydrocarbon synthesis from carbon monoxide and hydrogen on impregnated cobalt catalysts. Part I. Physico-chemical properties of 10% cobalt/alumina and 10% cobalt/ silica. Appl. Catal. 73 65-81. 

Kravtsov, A.V., Moizes, O.E., Usheva, N.V., and Yablonskii, G.S. 1988. Kinetic model for hydrocarbon synthesis from CO and H2 accounting for its intragroup distribution. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 36 201-6. 

Iron has a rich surface coordination chemistry that forms the basis of its important catalytic properties. There are many catalytic applications in which metallic iron or its oxides play a vital part, and the best known are associated with the synthesis of ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen at high pressure (Haber-Bosch Process), and in hydrocarbon synthesis from CO/C02/hydrogen mixtures (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis). The surface species present in the former includes hydrides and nitrides as well as NH, NH2, and coordinated NH3 itself. Many intermediates have been proposed for hydrogenation of carbon oxides during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis that include growing hydrocarbon chains. 

For industrial hydrogenation of vegetable and animal oils in Russia a Raney type nickel was prepared by Bag and co-workers (64). Preparation of detergents from hydrogenated fats has been reported (11). Reviews of these so-called skeleton catalysts were published by Russian investigators, for instance, by Lel chuk and co-workers (197). These catalysts have also been discussed with reference to hydrocarbon synthesis from water gas (148). Lel chuk (197) states that Raney nickel is more drastic for water gas synthesis than are the skeleton nickel catalysts prepared by Bag, and that Bag s copper-nickel skeleton catalysts approach nickel in their activity. Destructive hydrogenation under mild conditions was said to be possible with Bag s skeleton catalyst as described by Lel chuk. 

Sulfur poisoning is a key problem in hydrocarbon synthesis from coal-derived synthesis gas. The most important hydrocarbon synthesis reactions include methanation, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and methanol synthesis, which occur typically on nickel, iron, or cobalt, and ZnO-Cu catalysts, respectively. Madon and Shaw (2) reviewed much of the early work dealing with effects of sulfur in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Only the most important conclusions of their review will be summarized here. 

It can also be obtd as a by-product of hydrocarbon synthesis from CO and H2, and as a by-product of methanol synthesis from these gases. The oldest method of alcohol prepn is by fermentation of grains, molasses and carbohydrates. It can also be prepd by fermentation of sulfite pulp. Alcohol prepd from grains is known as grain alcohol and it is used in prepn of beverages (Refs 1, 11 12)... 

Kolbel and coworkers (3) have calculated the formation enthalpies for hydrocarbon synthesis from CO/H2 at mainly on the basis of Equations... 

Hydrocarbon synthesis from CO2 over composite catalysts... 

We studied hydrocarbon synthesis from CO2 using Cu-Zn-Cr (3 3 1)/HY and Fe-ZnO /HY composite catalysts[2 6]. In this case, first CO2 converted to methanol, and then methanol converted to hydrocarbon over zeolite. The main products formed among hydrocarbons was ethane, propane and butane, and hydrocarbon distribution was different from Schulz-Anderson-Flory rule. In MTG reaction, methanol converted to dimethyl ether, then to ethene, and ethene converted to higher hydrocarbons or ethane. In order to obtain higher hydrocarbons, it is important to find active catalysts which have no hydrogenation activity of olefin. 

Detail studies were carried out on Fe-ZnO and Fe-ZnO/zeolite catalyst further more. Hydrocarbon synthesis from CO2 over various Fe-ZnO/zeolite catalyst is shown in Table 2. By the addition of HY zeolite, the formation of olefins and the selectivity of C2+ hydrocarbon increased and that of methane decreased. The hydrocarbon distribution of Fe-ZnO and Fe-ZnO/HY is shown in Figure 2. Hydrocarbon distribution followed Schulz-Rory rule over Fe-ZnO catalyst, indicating F-T reaction took place. However, it changed to the formation of higher hydrocarbons over Fe-ZnO/HY, indicating MTG reaction took place. 

It is clear that these catalysts will provide a very rewarding area for both fundamental and applied research in catalysis as they give rise to a route to hydrocarbon synthesis from methanol and ethanol as an alternative to oil-based routes. 

The Co-MgO-ZSM-5 catalyst was prepared as a physical mixture of cobalt hydroxycarbonate, MgO and NaZSM-5. It was found to be active in the hydrocarbon synthesis from the products of biomass gasification. The addition of CO2 caused a decrease of the growth factor while that of N an increase. ... 

The reactions taking part in hydrocarbon synthesis from carbon monoxide and hydrogen are very heterogeneous. Table XI and Table... 

In Hydrocarbon Synthesis from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Kugler, E., el al. Advances in Chemistry American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1979. 

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