Pesticides molluscicides

Regarding soils, a central issue is the persistence and movement of pesticides that are widely used in agriculture. Many different insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and molluscicides are applied to agricultural soils, and there is concern not only about effects that they may have on nontarget species residing in soil, but also on the possibility of the chemicals finding their way into adjacent water courses. 

This comprehensive definition makes it elear that a wide number of substances may be eonsidered to be pestieides, and that the eommonality among all pestieides is their ability to provide eontrol over pests. A variety of classifications for pesticides have been developed that are specific for the type of pest controlled. Insecticides, for example, are pesticides that control insects, while herbicides control weeds and fungicides control plant diseases (molds). In addition to these major classifications of pesticides, there are many other classifications. These include nematicides (for nematode control), acaracides (mite control), rodenticides (rodent control), molluscicide (snail and slug control), algacides (algal control), bacteriocides (bacterial control), and defoliants (leaf control). 

Synthetic pesticides Various systemic and contact insecticides, molluscicides, acaricides and fungicides, pyrethroids Absent Exceptional Common Common... 

The Pesticide Index (ref. 14) lists the following categories of pesticides acaricides, attractants, chemosterilants, defoliants, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, molluscicides, nematicides, plant regulators, repellents, and rodenticides. Listings are in alphabetical order with structural and molecular formulae for single chemical entities. Other data include CAS nomenclature and number Wiswesser Line Notation LD-50 and test animal data when available physical appearance and safety information. Also provided are a CAS nomenclature index separate molecular (line) formulae of chemicals identified by their common names a separate section of Wiswesser line notations, also with common names an appendix of manufacturers, and an appendix of recent publications dealing with pesticide names. 

PCP was developed primarily for use as a wood preservative but has also been used as an herbicide on pineapple and sugarcane plantations. It has also been employed as a molluscicide against schistosomiasis, a severe human parasitic disease prevalent in much of tropical Asia, Africa, and South America (Hutzinger et al. 1985). The major contaminant of commercial PCP is OCDD, which may be present at concentrations between 500 and 1,500 mg/kg (ppm) (Dobbs and Grant 1979 Miller et al. 1989a). PCP may also contain mixed isomers of HxCDD and HpCDD (Pereira et al. 1985). It is currently registered as a restricted-use pesticide for use as a wood preservative (Sine 1990). 

The published list of common names and chemical names of pesticides contained in Annex 1 of Specifications for pesticides used in public health insecticides, molluscicides, repellerts, methods 11) should be reformatted to make the presentation clearer. After the common name, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) and Chemical Abstract (CA) names should be printed with the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) number and the CIPAC number. 

Specifications for pesticides used in public health insecticides, molluscicides, repellents, methods, 7th ed. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1997 (unpublished document WHO/CTD/WHOPES/97.1 available on request from Communicable Disease Control, Prevention and Eradication, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland). 

The terms pesticide and insecticide are often confused or used interchangeably. This is incorrect since the word pesticide is a general one which covers a wide variety of substances and may be applied to any substance which is used to destroy undesirable life forms. Pesticides therefore include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, nematocides, molluscicides, and acaricides. Only insecticides and herbicides are dealt with here since the other pesticides are encountered only rarely in toxicology. 

Apart from the insecticides and herbicides already discussed, there are many other kinds of pesticides in use. These range from rodenticides (chemicals designed to kiU mainly rats and mice) to fungicides, nemato-cides, and molluscicides (which target fungal infections of crops and animals, infestations of animals by nematode worms, and organisms such as slugs, respectively). Some of these have been associated with cases of... 

Pesticides are chemicals or biological substances used to kill or control pests. They fall into three major classes insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides (or weed killers). There are also rodenticides (for control of vertebrate pests), nematicides (to kill eelworms, etc.), molluscicides (to kill slugs and snails), and acaricides (to kill mites). These chemicals are typically manmade synthetic organic compounds, but there are exceptions which occur naturally that are plant derivatives or naturally occurring inorganic minerals. 

A particularly widespread environmental contaminant is the pesticide pentachlorophenol (PCP). PCP has been used as a bactericide, insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, and molluscicide in order to protect a variety of... 

Molluscicides—pesticides that kill slugs and snails... 

Bromide salt of sodium Bromnatrium Caswell No. 750A EINECS 231-599-9 EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 013907 HSDB 5039 NSC 77384 Sedoneural Sodium bromide Sodium bromide (NaBr) Trisodium tribromide. Used for preparation of bromides and in photography. Registered by EPA as an antimicrobial, fungicide, herbicide, insecticide and molluscicide. Used to control bacterial slimes in paper and pulp mills. Sedative/hypnotic anticonvulsant Used in veterinary medicine as a sedative and to control convulsions. Crystals mp = 755° d = 3.21 soluble in H2O (0.9 g/ml), less soluble in organic solvents crystallizes as a dihydrate LDso (rat ori) = 3.5 g/kg. Ethyl Corp. Great Lakes Fine Chem. Hawks Chem Co Ltd Morton tntn t... 

Broadly speaking, pesticides include many different chemical structures and are used to control pest plants and animals. They are generally classi-hed according to their target as follows insects (insecticides), nematodes (nematicides), mollusks (molluscicides), weeds (herbicides), bacteria (bactericides), fungi (fungicides), and so on. 

A series of species-specific pesticides avicides (birds), bactericides (bacteria), molluscicides (molluscs), nematicides (nematodes), pisci-cides (fish), rodenticides (rodents), and viricides (viruses). 

This Section (6.4) is divided into (6.4.1) insecticides, with further data on insect repellants and ectoparasites, (6.4.2) fungicides, (6.4.3) herbicides (weed killers), and (6.4.4) other pesticides, including defoliants, plant antiviral agents, anthelmintics, molluscicides, and rodenticides. 

Pesticide Programme, the purpose of which was to establish an overview of the prevailing biocide regulations. The survey dealt also with preservatives/microbicides, anti-fouling products, wood preservatives and structural treatments, microbicides for waste disposal and strip mine sites, products used in aquatic non-food sites (e.g. molluscicides, algicides), and products used for vertebrate and invertebrate pest control. 

An additional example of physically held controlled release pesticide is the release of tri-n-butyltin fluoride in polyethylene.After 24 days, the release of tributyltin fluoride is fairly constant at about 0.03% per day when placed in water. The formulation has a molluscicidal role in ship bottom application and can be used also as a mosquito larvicide. 

B. True Solution Release. The next method was the release of solutions of pesticides incorporated in polymers. These were true solutions. In these cases the polymers were usually elastomers and they were homogeneous. Examples were the herbicide 2,4-D dissolved in natural rubber and the molluscicides tributyl tin fluoride and tributyl tin oxide dissolved in elastomers. 

PentachJorophenol (PCP) is one of the most intensively used pesticides in the world because of its ftmgicide, herbicide, insecticide, molluscicide and defoliant action [186], As a technical product it is contaminated with a number of impurities which make PCP even more toxic than the pure substance. This has to be kept in mind when laboratory results are compared with data from environmental pollution. In a line of direct calorimetric experiments, different members of a fo-... 

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