Pesticides 344 INDEX

H. Kidd and D. Hartiey, eds.. Pesticide Index, Royal Society of Chemistry/Crown Copyright, Cambridge, U.K., 1988. 

Hall GL, Whitehead WE, Mourer CR, et al. 1986. A new gas chromatographic retention index for pesticides and related compounds. J High Resolut Chromatogr Commun 9 266-271. 

Vettorazi G, van den Hurk, ed. 1985. Pesticides reference index. JMPR 41. 

The ECL evaluates analytical methods for detecting pesticide residues in the environment to ensure that the methods are suitable for monitoring pesticide residues in soil and water. State, tribal and federal laboratories may access an Index of Environmental Chemistry Methods for a list of available methods. The ECL also provides the State pesticide laboratories with technical and QA support and training in pesticide analytical chemistry. 

A Case Study Advancing Ecological Risk Assessment Methods in the EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Final Report from FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel. USEPA, Washington, DC (2001). Also available on the World Wide Web http //www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap 001/index.htm, accessed September 2002. 

Because parts of the model are used in the Dutch pesticide authorization procedure to estimate worker exposure during re-entry, a study was conducted to validate some of the aspects of the proposed model. Emphasis was put on the relationship between hie applied amount of active ingredient and the resulting increase of DFR in relevant zones (crop heights), as well as determining factors (i.e., application techniques and crop density, or leaf volume index). In addition, the influence of re-entry time and crop density on transfer factors (calculated from levels of re-entry exposure and either DFR or SFR) was studied. 

Table 1 Acute toxicity of SPs to birds and earthworms (http //ec.europa.eu/ sanco pesticides/public/ index.cfin)...

Pyrethroids. Unpublished report of Compliance Services International, Rochester and http //ec. europa.eu/sanco pesticides/public/index.cfm. Values presented are lowest reported no observed effect concentrations in pg/L. 

Table 5.5 Application index of different pesticide groups and growth regulators used in Germany, calculated within the project Neptun 2000 (Rot berg et al. 2002)...

The most ubiquitous pesticide was simazine, present in 80% of the samples, followed by atrazine, diuron, DEA and diazinon, present in more than 50% of the samples (64%, 56%, 56% and 50%, respectively). Cyanazine, molinate, fenitro-thion and mecoprop were detected in less than 5% of the samples. The maximum individual concentrations were observed for alachlor (9,950 ng/L in M33, 2008), dimethoate (2,277 ng/L in M35, 2010), DEA (1,370 ng/L in M48, 2007) and linuron (1,010 ng/L in M33, 2008), while many others, such as terbuthylazine, DIA, atrazine and metolachlor, presented levels also higher than 500 ng/L. Results are consistent when evaluated with the GUS index (see Table 2). Mots triazines and metolachlor, i.e., the compounds with GUS index > 3 and therefore with higher leaching potential, were among the most ubiquitous an abundant compounds. In contrast, fenitrothion, which according to its GUS index (0.64) is a nonlixiviable pesticide, was detected at low levels in less than 5% of the samples. 

AERU (2009) Agriculture Environment Research Unit - THE PPDB, Pesticide Properties Database. EU-funded FOOTPRINT project, http //sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/footprint/en/index. htm. Accessed 2011... 

NSF-RANN POLLUTANT FILE FDA-PESTICIDE REFERENCE STANDARDS CPSC-CHEMRIC MONOGRAPHS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CRYSTAL DATA EROICA THERMODYNAMIC DATA MERCK INDEX... 

EU. 2007. DG Environment website, http //ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-drink/index en.html OECD. 2003. Descriptions of Selected Key Generic Terms Used in Chemical Hazard/Risk Assessment. Joint Project with IPCS on the Harmonisation of Hazard/Risk Assessment Terminology. OECD Series on Testing and Assessment No. 44. Environment Directorate, Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology. ENV/JM/MONO(2003)15. Paris OECD. 

The Committee examined five organophosphate pesticides (acephate, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, disulfoton, and ethion), which are all cholinesterase inhibitors and may be present as residues in fruits and vegetables. Chlorpyrifos was used as the index compound. The TEF was defined as the ratio of the NOAEL or LOAEL for each pesticide to the NOAEL or LOAEL for chlorpyrifos. TEFs based on LOAELs were used when a NOAEL could mot be established for two of the compounds. 

The UK Pesticide Safety Directorate (PSD) has decided to use the TEF approach for assessment of combined risk from exposure to mixtures of acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors (organophosphate (OP) compounds and carbamates) (PSD 1999). Despite clear differences in the action of carbamates and OP compounds, the index compounds selected for all acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors were either aldicarb (carbamate) or chlorpyrifos (OP). The POD for determining relative potency was predetermined as the dose level that produced 20% inhibition of red blood cell cholinesterase in a 90-day dietary study in rats. 

European Union - Chemical and Pesticide Information. Online. Available HTTP environment/chemicals/index.htm> (accessed 4 April 2003). 

USEPA (2008) Templates for use in developing pesticide study documents. http //www. epa.gov/ oppOOOO 1 / regulating/ studyprofile templates/index.htm. Accessed 16 Sep 2011... 

USEPA (2007) Plant Incorporated Protectants http //www.epa.gov/ pesticides/biopestiddes / pips/index.htm (last accessed 30 April 2010). 

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