Non-communicable diseases

Even non communicable diseases have worse health impacts in low-income countries because of inadequate diagnosis and treatment, but their share of lost DALYs is not as high because communicable diseases are responsible for so many lost DALYs in low-income countries. 

The Pan American Health Organization. PAHO topics include child health, epidemiology, food and nutrition, gender and health, health promotion, injuries and violence, lifestyles, maternal health, non-communicable diseases, etc. 

Of interest in the ISAAC analysis is the strong, consistent, negative association between calories from cereal and rice and protein from cereal and nuts and the three conditions, and it was speculated that, if the daily per capita amount of calories from cereal and rice consumed were to be increased by 10% of total energy consumption, it may be possible to achieve a 3.2% decrease in the prevalence of current wheeze, a 0.4% decrease in severe wheeze, a 2.4% decrease in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and a 0.6% decrease in eczema [64(111)]. As mentioned above, plant-based carbohydrate-rich diets have been associated with lower rates of other non-communicable diseases [60(NC), 62(NC)] and it is of interest that this association has been found for asthma, allergic rhinoconjimctivitis and eczema. Although it is speculated that antioxidants contained in cereal, rice and vegetables may be a reason for this protective effect, other mechanisms need to be explored. 

Robert-Koch-Institut, Bundesinstitut fur Infektionskrankheiten und nich-uber tragbare Krankheiten (Federal Institute for Infectious and Non-communicable Diseases, Germany)... 

Dongxu M. (1990) Advances in the pathology ofKBD and its relationship with selenium and other elements. Proc. Intematl. Workshop on KBD and Non-communicable diseases, pp. 42-55. WHO. 

In addition to the above discussed nutrients, diverse amoimt of phenolic molecules has been identified from seaweed and is classified imder different groups of phytochemicals. Those molecules virtually do not play the roles of nutrients and proven to have different bioactive properties associated with enhancing physical fitness to refrain from diseases or to exert therapeutic effects against certain illnesses. However, the medicinal effects of such molecules are not discussed in this chapter. Non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular dieses have a strong relationship with dietary habits and nutritional profiles of the food. Therefore, next few sections of this chapter address the nutrition-related several health effects of seaweed fiber, other than previously mentioned, and its contribution to enhance digestive health. 

The World Health Organization (WHO) was established on April 7, 1948. It is a special agency of the United Nations (UN) and is very concerned with international public health. Since it started, the organization has had a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. Its current focus includes communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, tuberculosis, and malaria. Other areas of interest include non-communicable diseases, development and aging, nutrition, food safety, substance abuse, and occupational health (which can be affected by contaminants at the workplace). This chapter describes the World Health Organization and discusses its standards (acceptable limits of various contaminants present in the air, water, etc.), especially in regards to the heavy metals and several other metallic materials. 

G. Alleyne, Global health, non-communicable diseases, Washington Post, 19 Sept 2011... 

World Health Organization and World Economic Forum. From Burden to "Best Buys" Reducing the Economic Impact of Non-Communicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization and World Economic Forum 2011 [cited April 15, 2014]. Available from http //www.who.int/nmh/publications/best buys summary/en/. 

There are also some evidence that this flavonoid might be usefull in the treatment of some other non-communicable diseases, such as cardiac diseases, diabetes, hypertension. 

However, the industry s contribution to economic development and improved public health requires a broader swathe of companies to upgrade to international quality standards, not just for products to treat the major pandemics but for all medicines that have a critical role to play in treating communicable and non-communicable diseases. As earlier chapters have shown, companies across Africa are striving to upgrade their facilities and their manufacturing processes and procedures. However, whilst there have been no published systematic studies on the range of quality standards to which manufacturers on the continent adhere, it is clear that many companies licensed to manufacture pharmaceuticals in Africa currently operate in premises and/or have quality management systems that fall below what should be acceptable. 

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