Pesticides cancellation

One of the major differences among the past studies is the set of assumptions and the estimates about base or starting production conditions prior to the proposed pesticide cancellation. For detailed benefit assessments it is desirable to have the average pesticide use, crop acreage, and crop yield that would prevail over the next 5 years without a cancellation. Usually, 5-year average crop yields and crop acres as estimated by USDA are utilized without assuming any trend over time. Baseline crop yield is usually not controversial, but crop acres and herbicide use are. 

All of the studies reviewed here except Danielson et al. (1993), Morrison et al. (1994), and Pike et al. (1994) use some version of the aggregate economic model known as AGSIM (Techsim, AGSIM-1, AGSIM-2) developed by C. Robert Taylor (Taylor, 1993) at Auburn University. This is a 10-region, econometric-simulation model of the supply and demand for major field crops and livestock products in the United States (Taylor, 1993) and has been used to assess many pesticide cancellation scenarios and other national policies that affect agricultural production and demand. 

TABLE 5-3 Organophosphorus Pesticides Cancelled or Proposed for Cancellation ... 

Suspended, Cancelled and Restricted Pesticides, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1990. 

Pesticides ReducingFxposure to Residues of Canceled Pesticides, GAO/RCED-95-23, U.S. General Accounting Office, Washington D.C., Dec. 1994, 42... 

EPA s decision to register a pesticide is based in part on the risk of adverse elfects on endangered species as well as the environmental fate (how a pesticide will affect the habitat), Under FIFRA, EPA can issue emergency suspensions of certain pesticides to cancel, or restrict their use if an endangered species will be adversely affected. Under a new program, EPA, FWS, and USDA are distributing hundreds of county bulletins which include habitat maps, pe.sticide use limiiiiions,, md other actions required to protect listed species. 

Children are likely to be exposed to methyl parathion in the same ways as adults, mainly by eating foods or drinking milk or water that contain residues of this chemical. Because of their smaller weight, children s intake of methyl parathion per kilogram of body weight may be greater than that of adults. The FDA and EPA permit residues of pesticides to be present in crops used as food, and these amounts are considered to be safe. The EPA, however, has recently used stricter regulations and has canceled the use of methyl parathion on food crops... 

Based on the experience gained during the past U to 5 years, it was demonstrated that no pesticides were canceled on the basis of unacceptably high levels of N-nitroso contaminants. It is anticipated that the EPA Nitroso Policy will improve pesticide products even further by a reduction or elimination of N-nitroso contaminants from potential sources. In this way, the human risk from these potentially hazardous chemicals will be minimized. 

Endrin is no longer manufactured in the United States. Velsicol Chemical Company, Memphis, Tennessee, was the producer of endrin until the final voluntary cancellation of registration with the Office of Pesticide Programs in 1991 (Bishop 1984, 1985, 1986 EPA 1983e USDA 1995). It is estimated that 2.3-4.5 million kg (5.1-9.9 million pounds) of endrin were sold in the United States in 1962, while less than 450,000 kg (990,000 pounds) were produced in 1971 (IARC 1974). More recent estimates of domestic production of endrin could not be found (HSDB 1995). As with many toxic chemicals, information on production or use of pesticides is often proprietary, and quantitative estimates of production of endrin are virtually impossible to obtain (Bason and Colbom 1992). Chemical manufacturers in the United States however, can legally produce pesticides for export that are currently banned or not registered for use in the United States (FASE 1996). No information on the production of endrin was available from the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) because endrin is not one of the chemicals that facilities are required to report (EPA 1995a). 

Endrin was introduced in the United States in 1951 as an avicide, rodenticide and insecticide. Its principal use to control the cotton bollworm and tobacco budworm peaked in the early 1970s. In 1979, the EPA canceled some uses of endrin and indicated its intent to cancel all uses of endrin (EPA 1979f USDA 1995). By 1986, all uses were voluntarily canceled (Bishop 1984, 1985, 1986 EPA 1993e USDA 1995), except for its use as a toxicant on bird perches, which was canceled in 1991 (USDA 1995). Endrin also was a contaminant in dieldrin (Verschueren 1983) however, all uses of this pesticide have been canceled since the mid-1980s (EPA 1992b). Consequently, there are no longer any significant releases of endrin to the environment in the United States. 

Bishop FS. 1985. Written communication (July 29) to Velsicol Chemical Company, regarding final cancellation notice Velsicol technical endrin. EPA registration No. 876.20. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Registration Division. 

Mirex and chlordecone are no longer made or used in the United States. Mirex and chlordecone were most commonly used in the 1960s and 1970s. Mirex was used as a pesticide to control fire ants mostly in the southeastern part of the United States. It was also used extensively as a flame retardant additive under the trade name Dechlorane in plastics, rubber, paint, paper, and electrical goods from 1959 to 1972 because it does burn easily. Chlordecone was used to control insects that attacked bananas, citrus trees with no fruits, tobacco, and ornamental shrubs. It was also used in household products such as ant and roach traps. Chlordecone is also known by its trade name Kepone . All registered products containing mirex and chlordecone were canceled in the United States between 1977 and 1978. 

Intent to Cancel or Restrict Registration of Pesticide Products Containing Disulfoton... 

The most important and extensively studied pesticides of this group (Fig. 10, Table 3) are Amitrole and several members of the family of s-triazines [89,151, 153,155,156]. Amitrole had been widely used as a herbicide,but its uses as a registered product for application on food crops were canceled starting in 1971 because it was suspected of inducing thyroid tumors in rats [157 -162]. Amitrole is soluble in water, with a weak basic character (PKb = 10) and behaves chemically as a typical aromatic amine. 

CA EPA 1998. USEPA/OPP Pesticide related database queries OPP s registered and cancelled pesticide product database. California Environmental Protection Agency. Internet http //www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm. Accessed on Nov. 6, 1998. 

Pesticide Toxic Chemical News. (2000). EPA announces cancellation of end-use pesticide products containing chlorpyrifos. Pe,sticide Toxic Chemical News. 29(5). 

Uses. Pesticide (leaf-eating insects and fly larvae) products containing chlordecone were cancelled in 1978... 

Endrin Pesticide - organochlorine - bioaccumulates - insecticide used on many crops - most use canceled in 1980... 

Heptachlor epoxide Pesticide - organochlorine - bioaccumulates - heptachlor epoxide is a breakdown product of heptachlor, an insecticide from 1953 to 1974 in US on a wide range of insects. Most use canceled in 1974 and importation and manufacture prohibited in the US, use banned in 1988... 

Intent to Cancel Registrations of Pesticide Products Containing Carbon Tetrachlori de... 

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