Peripheral endocrine tissues

According to the classical view of metabolism the hormones are synthesized as free steroids in endocrine tissues and prepared for excretion in urine by peripheral metabolism and conjugation. This view had to be modified upon the isolation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate from adrenal tumor [307]. Thus dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, a steroid conjugate, was shown to be secreted by the adrenal tissue. Isotopic methods also pointed in the same direction. Lieberman et al. [304], using... 

The pancreas is a large organ containing exocrine and endocrine tissue. The islets of Langerhans make up the endocrine part and contain cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. Cells that produce glucagon (a-cells) and somatostatin (D-cells) are found peripherally in the islets while the predominant insulin producing cells (f)-cells) are found in the centre. 

Peripheral mAChRs are known to mediate the well-documented actions of ACh at parasympathetically innervated effector tissues (organs) including heart, endocrine and exocrine glands, and smooth muscle tissues [2, 4]. The most prominent peripheral actions mediated by activation of these receptors are reduced heart rate and cardiac contractility, contraction of... 

The biosynthesis of Me3,Mel 1-29 H takes place in oenocyte cells, released into the hemolymph and transported by lipophorin to peripheral tissues (Fig. 7) [71, 231, 232]. Direct evidence for oenocytes biosynthesizing hydrocarbon has come recently with the dissociation of oenocytes from epidermal cells and in vitro incubation with labeled propionate [233]. Differential uptake of some hydrocarbons in different tissues has also been documented although the exact mechanism behind the differential placement of hydrocarbons is unknown [20,128,230,232,234]. Although the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons may not be under direct endocrine regulation supply of precursor hydrocarbon that is converted to the sex pheromone is a requirement. 

Mature adipocyte Leptin Endocrine CNS, blood vessels, peripheral tissues Appetite regulation angiogenic... 

Adipose is an endocrine gland that secretes a variety of factors that have effects both In the brain and the peripheral insulin-responsive tissues. 

All the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary except prolactin (PRL) are key participants in hormonal systems in which they regulate the production by peripheral tissues of hormones that perform the ultimate regulatory functions. In these systems, the secretion of the pituitary hormone is under the control of a hypothalamic hormone. Each hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine gland system or axis provides multiple opportunities for complex neuroendocrine regulation of growth, development, and reproductive functions. 

Histamine H3 receptors are well distributed in peripheral tissues, although relatively less abundant than in the CNS. As for the cellular localization, peripheral H3 receptors are present in different cell types, like the neural, paracrine, endocrine, muscular and endothelial cells, where they subserve a predominant inhibitory role. However, the multiple location of H3 receptors in the same tissue may lead to opposite effects on the physiologic function, thus, their role can sometimes be quite difficult to understand. As regards a possible clinical application of H3 ligands, although many suggestions have been derived from the experimental animal data (e.g. gastric disorders, asthma, myocardial ischemia, hypertension and inflammation), to date, no clinical evidence is available for any therapeutic indication. 

Expression patterns of rodent and human mRNAs for PK1 and PK2 have been reported in peripheral tissues (dorsal root ganglia (DRG), gastrointestinal tract, endocrine glands, spleen, human, and murine leucocytes) and in the central nervous system. 

Thyroid hormones are used either to replace the failing function of the thyroid gland (spontaneous or drug-induced) or to suppress the endocrine function of abnormal thyroid tissues (especially non-toxic struma or goiter or after thyroidectomy for thyroid neoplasms). Although there are abnormalities of the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones in some forms of undernutrition or overnutrition, thyroid drug therapy cannot be considered a safe way of treating obesity. 

However, it is now known to exist in various nerve tracts and neuroendocrine tissues and it has general inhibitor actions. It can also inhibit release of other pituitary hormones (including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin). other endocrine hormones including pancreatic hormones (insulin and glucagon), peptide hormones from a variety of neuroendocrine tumours (e.g. VIPomas and glucagonomas) and also the release of most intestinal hormones. It is produced in the gut, the pancreas and in some peripheral nerves (see hypothalamic hormones PITUITARY hormones). Somatostatin is a cyclic peptide of 14 residues (SRIF-14) but is formed from a precursor of 28 residues (SRIF-28). 

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