Neuroendocrine complexes

Polenov, A.L. (1983). Evolution of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neuroendocrine complex (In Russian). In Evolutionary Physiology (E.M. Kreps, ed.), Part 2, pp. 53-109. Nauka, Leningrad. 

The acute CNS effects of MDMA administration are mediated by the release of monoamine transmitters, with the subsequent activation of presynaptic and postsynaptic receptor sites.40 As specific examples in rats, MDMA suppresses 5-HT cell firing, evokes neuroendocrine secretion, and stimulates locomotor activity. MDMA-induced suppression of 5-HT cell firing in the dorsal and median raphe involves activation of presynaptic 5-HT1A autoreceptors by endogenous 5-HT.4142 Neuroendocrine effects of MDMA include secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary and corticosterone from the adrenal glands 43 Evidence supports the notion that these MDMA-induced hormonal effects are mediated via postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors in the hypothalamus, which are activated by released 5-HT. MDMA elicits a unique profile of locomotor effects characterized by forward locomotion and elements of the 5-HT behavioral syndrome such as flattened body posture, Straub tail, and forepaw treading.44 6 The complex motor effects of MDMA are dependent on monoamine release followed by activation of multiple postsynaptic 5-HT and DA receptor subtypes in the brain,47 but the precise role of specific receptor subtypes is still under investigation. 

Macke recently introduced a monoreactive DOTA prochelator (4,7,10-tricarboxymethyl-tert-butyl ester A, A, A", A "-tetraazacyclododecane-1 -acetate), which was coupled to Tyr3—Lys5 (BOQ-octreotide via solid-phase peptide synthesis. A one-step deprotection reaction generated the bioactive compound DOTATOC in about 65% yield.142 The 90Y and 177Lu DOTATOC complexes have shown promise for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors in early clinical trials.143,444... 

Development of models to assess chemical-induced allergic or autoimmune reactions is difficult in that both types of reactions are subject to complex processes, and are idiosyncratic in nature. Factors that must be considered include a large number of genetic as well as phenotypic, neuroendocrine, or environmental factors that are only in part related to the immune system. 

Koshash Wouldn t it be the other way round Don t you think that the circadian system has co-opted the complex neuroendocrine systems such as the HP axis that exist in mammals Presumably much of the integration in mammals — the nonautonomy of the systems — makes use of the complex neuroendocrine relationships between organs and systems. Then the question is, if those systems existed first, might the circadian system have taken advantage of them ... 

Menaker Insects do have complex neuroendocrine systems, and animals had oscillators long before we had a hypothalamic—pituitary axis. 

All the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary except prolactin (PRL) are key participants in hormonal systems in which they regulate the production by peripheral tissues of hormones that perform the ultimate regulatory functions. In these systems, the secretion of the pituitary hormone is under the control of a hypothalamic hormone. Each hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine gland system or axis provides multiple opportunities for complex neuroendocrine regulation of growth, development, and reproductive functions. 

Endocrine and Reproductive Effects. Because the male and female reproductive organs are under complex neuroendocrine and hormonal control, any toxicant that alters any of these processes can affect the reproductive system (see Chapters 17 and 20). In addition metals can act directly on the sex organs. Cadmium is known to produce testicular injury after acute exposure, and lead accumulation in the testes is associated with testicular degeneration, inhibition of spermatogenesis, and Leydig-cell atrophy. 

The mechanism by which the systemic administration of interferon alfa produces neurotoxicity is unclear, and might result from a complex of direct and indirect effects involving the brain vasculature, neuroendocrine system, neurotransmitters and the secondary cytokine cascade with cytokines which exert effects on the nervous system, for example interleukin-1, interleukin-2, or tumor necrosis factor alfa (363). Whether a clinical effect is directly mediated through the action of a given cytokine or results from a secondary pathway through the induction of other cytokines or second messengers is difficult to determine. 

---