Perinuclear cytoplasm

FIGURE 1-12 A protoplasmic astrocyte abuts a blood vessel (lumen at I) in rat cerebral cortex. The nucleus shows a rim of denser chromatin, and the cytoplasm contains many organelles, including Golgi and rough endoplasmic reticulum, x 10,000. Inset (top left) Detail of perinuclear cytoplasm showing filaments. X44,000. 

The terminology in the literature is confusing. Terms used for the outer (nucleate) zone include syncytial layer, surface layer, distal cytoplasm, tegument and for the inner (nucleated) zone perikarya, proximal layer, tegumental cells, cytons, perinuclear cytoplasm. Bearing in mind that descriptive terms are more likely to be remembered and used correctly than non-descriptive words, the terms distal cytoplasm and proximal cytoplasm, which are well established in the literature, are used in this text, for these zones. The term tegumental cytons is used for the basic cells which make up the syncytial epithelium (Fig. 2.1). 

Fig. 5.15 Antibodies against perinuclear antigens of granulocytes (pANCA). Antigenic substrate granulocytes. Counter-staining with Evans blue. Green fluorescence of the perinuclear cytoplasm of the granulocytes, red colouring of the lymphocytes (100 x) (134)...

Besides the neuritic plaque, the other diagnostic lesion of AD is the neurofibrillary tangle. Tangles are non-membrane-bound masses of paired helical filaments, usually intermixed with straight filaments, found in the perinuclear cytoplasm of many limbic and cortical neuronal cell bodies. Smaller bundles of these abnormal filaments may occur in many, but not all, of the cortical dystrophic neurites found within and also separate from the neuritic plaques. Tangles are also observed in neurons of the subcortical nuclei (e.g., the cholinergic septal nuclei and nucleus basalis of Meynert) that project widely to limbic and association cortices rich in A/9 deposits. 

Because of its capacity for diffuse or medullary patterns of growth, and its uniform, occasionally dys-hesive small-cell constituency, PCNC is potentially mistaken for lymphoma cutis. That problem is readily resolved by immunohistochemical analyses. Whereas lymphoma is reactive for CD45, PCNC is not. Moreover, keratin filaments in Merkel cell carcinomas are often clustered in the perinuclear cytoplasm, yielding a characteristic dot of chromogenic precipitate (Fig. 

Peptides differ in several important respects from monoamine and amino acid transmitters. Peptide synthesis is performed in the rough endoplasmic reticulunu The propeptide is cleaved to the secreted form as secretory vesicles are transported from the perinuclear cytoplasm to the nerve terminals. Furthermore, no active recycling mechanisms for peptides have been described. This increases the dependency of peptidergic nerve terminals on distant sites of synthesis. 

Fig. 1 Ultrastructure of a nucleus from chicken liver and diagrammatic representation of the nuclear envelope. (A) Transmission electron micrograph of an ultrathin section through a nucleus from baby chick (cockerel) liver, showing the perinuclear cytoplasm (Cyt), nuclear envelope (NE), nuclear pore complex (NPC), and nucleoplasm (Nu). Scale bar, 1 /im. (B) Diagram showing prominent features of the nuclear envelope—the lamina (L), inner nuclear membrane (INM), outer nuclear membrane (ONM), nuclear pore complex (NPC), rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and ribosomes (R).

Giant neurones are elongated reaching 20 pm in width and 30-60 pm in length (Dimova et al. 1980). Perinuclear cytoplasm is rich in both lysoso-mes and Golgi zones of considerable size and with narrow lamellae. 

Figure 10.7 Ichthyosis hystrix type Curth-Macklin. (a) Unbroken concentric shell of tonofilaments (TS) surrounding the nucleus (N) and perinuclear cytoplasm with ribosomes and granular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) x 16 000. (b) 3 binucleate cells ( ) in the prickle cell layer (compare with Figure 10.6a) x4000...

AIF is an apoptotic effector protein that induces chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation [51], Confocal microscopy (Fig. 9) reveals that AIF is strictly confined to mitochondria and thus colocalizes with mtHSP70 in control cells (Fig. 9a). In early apoptosis, AIF translocates to the nucleus, but in late apoptosis (with fragmented chromatin), immunolabeling moves back in the cytoplasm again in mitochondria [52-54], After treatment with cisPt (Fig. 9), AIF and mtHSP70 colocalize in clusters within the perinuclear cytoplasm. 

ANAb Anti-nuclear antibodies ANCA Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic auto antibodies cANCA Cytoplasmic ANCA pANCA Perinuclear ANCA AND Anaphylactic degranulation ANF Atrial natriuretic factor ANP Atrial natriuretic peptide Anti-I-A, Anti-I-E Antibody against class II MHC molecule encoded by I-A locus, I-E locus, anti-lg Antibody against an immunoglobulin... 

The inflammatory response in UC is propagated by atypical type 2 helper T cells that produce proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).7 As discussed previously, a genetic predisposition to UC may partially explain the development of excessive colonic and rectal inflammation. The finding of positive perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) in association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 allele in a large percentage of patients with UC supports this theory.4,12... 

Ulcerative colitis Leukocytosis, decreased hematocrit/hemoglobin, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), guaiac-positive stool, (+) perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA up to 70% of patients)... 

Also, RU 58668 modifies the subcellular distribution of ER, appearing as clusters in the perinuclear region of cytoplasm, without association to specific cellular structures. This means that after RU 58668 treatment, ER is sequestered in the cytoplasm associated to short half-life proteins (probably induced by RU 58668 treatment) that impede its entry into the nucleus (Devin-Leclerc et al. 1998). 

Shapiro, L.E., Uetrecht, J., and Shear, N.H. Minocycline, perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody and pigment The biochemical basis, J. Amer. Acad. Dermatol., 45, 787, 2001... 

Colakovski, H. and Lorber, D.L., Propylthiouracil-induced perinuclear-staining antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-positive vasculitis in conjunction with pericarditis, Endocr. Pract., 7, 37, 2001. 

Nuclear Envelope The membrane system of the cell nucleus that surrounds the nucleoplasm. It consists of two concentric membranes separated by the perinuclear space. The structures of the envelope where it opens to the cytoplasm are called the nuclear pores (nudear pore). [NIH]... 

The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope, which consists of the outer and inner nuclear membranes. Each of the two nuclear membranes has two layers, and the membranes are separated from each other by the perinuclear space. The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and is covered with ribosomes. The inner side of the membrane is covered with a protein layer (the nuclear lamina), in which the nuclear structures are anchored. 

Hafnium salts are mild irritants of the eye and the skin and have produced liver damage in animals. In mice, the LDso of hafnyl chloride by intraperitoneal injection was 112 mg/kg. In cats, intravenous administration of hafnyl chloride at lOmg/kg was fatal. Rats fed a diet containing 1% for 12 weeks showed slight changes in the liver, consisting of perinuclear vacuolization of the parenchymal cells and coarse granularity of the cytoplasm. The application of 1 mg of hafnium chloride to the eyes of rabbits produced transient irritation. Topical application of hafiiium chloride crystals to unabraded rabbit skin produced transient edema and erythema application to abraded skin caused ulceration. ... 

Fig. 4. An apoptotic peripheral blood eosinophil observed under EM. The apoptotic cell displays the characteristic condensation of nuclear chromatin into large, electron-dense masses surrounding the central, relatively electron-lucent nuclear matrix. The swelling and breakage of plasma and perinuclear membranes and the release of the contents of granules from swollen, enlarged, electron-lucent granule containers within secretory cells are also observed. A single osmiophilic lipid body is found in the cytoplasm (x 18,500) (D6). Reproduced with permission from Dvorak, A. M., Images in clinical medicine, an apoptotic eosinophil. N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 437 (1999).

Each cell nucleus contains one or more dense nucleoli, regions that are rich in RNA and may contain 10-20% of the total RNA of cells. Nucleoli are sites of synthesis and of temporary storage of ribosomal RNA, which is needed for assembly of ribosomes. The nuclear envelope is a pair of membranes, usually a few tens of nanometers apart, that surround the nucleus. The two membranes of the pair separate off a thin perinuclear space (Fig. 1-7). The membranes contain "pores" -130 ran in diameter with a complex structure (see Fig. 27-8).38/39 There is a central channel -42 ran in diameter, which provides a route for controlled passage of RNA and other large molecules from the nucleus into the cytoplasm and also from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Smaller -10 nm channels allow passive diffusion of ions and small molecules. 

The transition from coated vesicle to early endosome is accompanied by acidification of the vesicular lumen that continues into the late endosomal and lysosomal compartments, reaching a final pH in the perinuclear lysosome of approximately 4.5. Such acidification associated with endosome maturation provides the means by which certain viruses gain access to the cytosol. Acid-induced conformational changes in the viral proteins trigger translocation across the endosomal membrane via a fusion process. By taking advantage of the endosomal acidification, pH-sensitive liposomes, adenovirus and endosomolytic peptides have been used to facilitate the release of plasmids into the cytoplasm prior to lysosomal degradation. 

Plasma cell Dark purple, eccentric nucleus, light to dark blue cytoplasm, distinct perinuclear halo... 

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