Recycling activities

Waste Minimization source reduction, certain types of recycling and reclamation. Waste minimization does not include recycling activities whose uses constitute disposal and burning for energy recovery. 

Ludwigshafen, 1996, pp.6. 12ins. 7/3/97. Technical Information for Experts, No.08/96e PLASTICS RECYCLING - ACTIVITIES OF BASF BASF AG... 

The plastic recycling activities of BASF are reported and discussed. Recycling of plastics products is investigated widiin die company s pilot plants in cooperation with customers, and in projects which are supported by industry partners. BASF... 

This article discusses the recycling of plastics back into raw materials, and looks at the recycling activities of several companies across Europe. 

An account is given of the chemical recycling activities of BASF in a pilot plant at Ludwigshafen in Germany, where mixed plastics waste is processed to obtain hydrochloric acid, oil, gas, naphtha, aromatics and alpha-olefins. 

Abstract Recent advances in the metal-catalyzed one-electron reduction reactions are described in this chapter. One-electron reduction induced by redox of early transition metals including titanium, vanadium, and lanthanide metals provides a variety of synthetic methods for carbon-carbon bond formation via radical species, as observed in the pinacol coupling, dehalogenation, and related radical-like reactions. The reversible catalytic cycle is achieved by a multi-component catalytic system in combination with a co-reductant and additives, which serve for the recycling, activation, and liberation of the real catalyst and the facilitation of the reaction steps. In the catalytic reductive transformations, the high stereoselectivity is attained by the design of the multi-component catalytic system. This article focuses mostly on the pinacol coupling reaction. 

Source Reduction and Recycling Activity for Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Wastes... 

Persons who handle used oil are subject to specific management requirements depending on the extent of their used oil recycling activities. The following handlers are subject to used oil management standards 2... 

Besides the organic pollutants mentioned above, e-waste recycling activities are also releasing various heavy metals such as Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn [14]. These e-waste-derived heavy metals pose extremely high risk to the environment and humans [67], especially at e-waste processing sites. Numerous previous studies suggested that most environmental matrices around e-waste sites, such as air, soil, sediment, and dust, have been severely contaminated by these heavy metals (Table 2) [71-75],... 

Table 2 Concentrations of heavy metals in ambient matrixes affected by e-waste recycling activities in China... 

The SFA requires the definition of respective substances, a comprehensive analysis of the system (i.e. boundaries), and it is always limited in its extent due to process properties and data availability. Within this chapter the implementation of SFA for tracing hazardous substances in international informal e-waste treatment has been proved to be a useful method. To assess the hazardous consequences and potential risks of the selected chemicals to humans and the environment caused by informal recycling activities in those regions, different models exist, from which four have been chosen according to their specific focus and various pros and cons. 

A Grubbs-type ruthenium complex and a Hoveyda ruthenium complex were compared under similar conditions for recycled activity. Both the reference catalysts showed a large drop in metathesis activity in the subsequent tests. For example, a Grubbs-type ruthenium alkylidene catalyst showed a drop of nearly 50% conversion in the second run. 

On-site Recycling Same as above however, some on-site recycling activities are categorically exempt from permit requirements. DHS... 

Off-site Recycling Commercial (i.e., off-site) recycling activities generally require a TSD permit. DHS... 

As discussed earlier, Asia is becoming a production and consumption centre of electric appliances and also becoming the recycling centre of e-waste. Without proper arrangements, developing countries may keep accepting e-waste from others and operate inappropriate recycling activities. 

Bromine Company and releases that occur during the production of these chemicals may influence levels in the region. Relatively high concentrations were measured in the southern part of Africa, South America and China. These may reflect releases from e-waste recycling activities that are carried out in developing countries. 

Recycling of plastics is difficult, because of the content of the additives PBBs and PBDEs [27]. Pyrolysis of flame retardant material of printed circuit board and electronics components (laboratory scale) produces high amounts of brominated dioxins and furans (2,3,7,8-TeBDF, 29 pg/kg residue after quarts flask pyrolysis in N2/H2 atomosphere at 1100 °C) located in the condensed material. It was known that these plastics contain flame retardants to a maximum of 20 wt%. PBDEs can be extracted from plastics based on propyl-carbonate. The origin of brominated dioxins and furans detectable in propyl-carbonate extract is still to be investigated. Further recycling activities which process flame retarded plastics might produce hazardous products, an aspect that has to be investigated more closely [27]. 

In processes of solvent recycling activated carbon is usually used as adsorbent. In the following investigation this adsorbent is replaced by a high-silica zeolite. A model plant is supposed with two or more columns working in adsorption-desorption cycles. Only in the desorption steps the zeolitic molecular sieve will be seriously damaged because of the high process temperature. 

Waste Minimization Waste minimization was defined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in its 1986 report to Congress (EPA/530-SW-86-033) as The reduction, to the extent feasible, of hazardous waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of It includes any source reduction or recycling activity undertaken by a generator that results in either ... 

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