Neurons giant

Much evidence supports this scheme. For example, neuronal depolarisation increases the amount of free synapsin in the cytosol and microinjection of CAM kinase II into the terminals of the squid giant axon or brain synaptosomes increases depolarisation-evoked transmitter release. By contrast, injection of dephosphorylated synapsin I into either the squid giant axon or goldfish Mauthner neurons inhibits transmitter release. 

Giant snail neurons Ca " liquid membrane micropipet (alkyl phosphate ion-exchanger type) Ca 450nM 143 ... 

Giant neuron of Aplysia californica Nj closed-end all-glass microelectrode Na- 40.3 mM 146)... 

There has been interest in miniaturizing and automating electrophoresis of proteins. Ruchel (1997) reported a miniaturized system where proteins are first separated by isoelectric focusing in millimeter diameter tubes. The tube s contents are transferred to a slab gel that is a few centimeters on a side. This technology was used to separate the proteins from a single giant neuron from Aplasia califomicus. More recently, native fluorescence has been used to resolve 200 proteins from a similar miniaturized electrophoresis system (Sluszny and Yeung, 2004). 

Takeuchi, H., et al., Elfects of alpha-kainic acid, domoic acid and their derivatives on a molluscan giant neuron sensitive to beta-hydroxy-L-glutamic acid, Eur. J. Pharmacol, 102, 2, 325, 1984. 

Nerve stimulation results in a net influx of sodium ions, and normal conditions are restored by the outward transport of sodium ions against an electrochemical gradient. While several earlier workers had identified ATPases in the sheath of giant squid axons, it was Skou who first connected the sodium, potassium ATPase [EC 3.6.1.37] with the ion flux of neurons. This discovery culminated... 

LSD-25 to the behavioral and psychic actions of this drug. In other instances, we are still far from establishing such functional relations. It is hoped that renewed efforts with new and better techniques will enable us in the not-too-distant future to explain the whole "experience" produced by these substances, the whole "model psychosis," in terms of neural events. Should this be the case, one also would be a giant step closer to establishing a functional pathogenesis of endogenous mental disease i.e., one would be able to explain some or all the behavioral symptoms of the mentally ill in terms of abnormal neuronal function. It seems that with such a prospect in mind one could not think of a nobler task for a substance like LSD-25. 

Williamson LC, Neale EA (1998) Syntaxin and 25-kDa synaptosomal-associated protein differential effects of botulinum neurotoxins Cl and A on neuronal survival. J Neurosci Res 52 569-83 Williamson LC, Halpem JL, Montecucco C, Brown JE, Neale EA (1996) Clostridial neurotoxins and substrate proteolysis in intact neurons botulinum neurotoxin C acts on synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa. J Biol Chem 271 7694-9 Wilson HI, Nicholson GM, Tyler MI, Howden ME (1995) Induction of giant miniature end-plate potentials during blockade of neuromuscular transmission by textilotoxin. Naunyn Schmiede-bergs Arch Pharmacol 352 79-87... 

These are intimately interconnected structures (see Parent, 1996, pp. 795-863). The larger of the two, the basal ganglia, consists of the striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens) and the globus pallidus. Most, if not all striatal neurons express dysbindin-1, including sparse giant aspiny cells and... 

The pathological snbstratum of HIV dementia is referred to as HIV encephalitis (HIVE). HIVE is a disseminated multifocal process characterized by the presence of multinucle-ated giant cells of macrophage/microglial origin microglial nodules diffuse astrocytosis myelin pallor loss of synaptic density and neuronal cell loss, mainly in the hippocampus. 

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