Perfluorinated chemicals

Perfluorinated chemicals such as PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are usually restricted by brands and eco-labels. Furthermore, the EU regulates the content of PFOS in consumer products on the market. The use of PFOS and PFOA is also restricted by the Stockholm Convention on POPs although some exemptions exist. PFOS are still produced and used in several countries and can be used in the coating of leather. 

Environ. Sci. Technol. (8) Shoeib, M. Harner, T. Vlahos, P. Perfluorinated chemicals in the Arctic atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 7577-7583. 

Eriksen, K.T., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Sorensen, M., Roursgaard, M., Loft, S. and Moller, P. Genotoxic potential of the perfluorinated chemicals PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFNA and PFHxA in human HepG2 cells. Mutat Res, 700, 39-43. 

Laboratory and epidemiological data suggest that various polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, flame retardants, pesticides (e.g., DDT), perfluorinated chemicals, phthalates, bisphenols, and ultraviolet filters may inhibit thyroid function through a variety of mechanisms [31-33]. 

Environmental Defence recently released Toxic Nation A Report on Pollution in Canadians (Environmental Defence 2005). Samples were collected from 11 people for the presence of 88 chemicals, including heavy metals, PBDEs, PCBs, perfluorinated chemicals, organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus-insecticide metabolites, and VOCs. The study objectives included determining whether pollutants were present at measurable concentrations in Canadians, identifying chemicals of concern, and creating public awareness of methods for avoiding exposure. 

In a similar survey (Bad Blood A Survey of Chemicals in the Blood of European Ministers), WWF collected samples from 14 government ministers of 13 EU countries and analyzed them for 103 chemicals, including organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, synthetic musks, perfluorinated chemicals, PBDEs, phthalates, and antibacterials (WWF 2004). 

Renner, R., 2001b. Growing concern over perfluorinated chemicals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 154A-160A. 

Fei, C., et al. (2008) Fetal growth indicators and perfluorinated chemicals a study in the Danish national birth cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology 168(1) 66-72. 

Inspection of Table 1.1 reveals that while all those listed under the original test of the Convention are organochlorines, those under consideration for inclusion include one organofluorine and a number of organobromine chemicals. Hence while this book addresses, to at least some degree, most or all of the chemicals listed in Table 1.1, it focuses particularly on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These are selected on the basis that they either ... 

Both HBCD and PBDEs are examples of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The recent growth in the number of scientific papers addressing the environmental presence and impacts of such chemicals has been quite phenomenonal. In a similar vein, there has been a dramatic rise in concerns related to the environmental presence and impacts of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs). Chapters 2 and 3 thus address current knowledge and research... 

Miyake, Y., Yamashita, N., Rostkowski, P, So, M. K., Taniyasu, S., Lam, P. K. S., et al. Determination of trace levels of total fluorine in water using combustion ion chromatography for fluorine a mass balance approach to determine individual perfluorinated chemicals in water. J. Chromatogr. A, 1143 98-104 (2007). 

Van de Vijver, K. I., Hoff, P. T., Das, K., Van Dongen, W., Esmans, E. L., Jauniaux, T., et al. Perfluorinated chemicals infiltrate ocean waters link between exposure levels and stable isotope ratios in marine mammals. Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 37 5545-5550 (2003). 

Occupational exposure to perfluorinated chemicals (PECs) may occur through inhalation of and dermal... 

Perfluorinated chemicals Breakdown products from Teflon and fabric protectors... 

EPA, Long-Chain Perfluorinated Chemicals (PECs) Action Plan (Dec. 30,2009)[hereinafter Action Plan PECs], available through http //www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/ actionplans/pfcs.html. 

Predicting the biodegradation products of perfluorinated chemicals using Catabol, SAR QSAR in Environmental Research, Vol. 15, pp. 69-82. 

By citing cases demonstrated through various research projects, we will discuss the analysis and risk factors of minute amounts of EDCs, namely, BPA, phthalate esters (PEs), and perfluorinated chemicals (PECs). 

Aune, M. Glynn, A. ligneli, S. lindstrom, G. Exposure of perfluorinaled chemicals through lactation Levels of matched... 

Lindstrom, G., Karrman, A., and van Bavel, B. 2009. Accuracy and precision in the determination of perfluorinated chemicals in human blood verified by interlaboratory comparisons. / Chromatogr. A 1216 394-400. 

Ericson, I., Domingo, J. L., and Nadal, M. 2009. Levels of perfluorinated chemicals in municipal drinking water from Catalonia, Spain Public health implications. Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 57 631-638. 

Femdndez-Sanjnan, M., Meyer, J., Damasio, J., Faria, M., Barata, C., and Lacorte, S. 2010. Screening of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in various aquatic organisms. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 398 1447-1456. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2006) Meeting with Registrant on Perfluorinated Chemical (Masurf-FS-780, Fluowet PL 80-B, and Fluowet PL-80) Use as Inerts. Letter from the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics to the Office of Pesticide Programs. U.S. EPA Public Docket AR226-3804... 

OECD (2010) OECD Portal on Perfluorinated Chemicals. http //www.oecd.org/siteA),3407, en 21571361 44787844 l l l l l,00.html. Accessed 15 December 2010... 

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