Arctic atmosphere

Fig. 3. Relationships between the concentrations of the elements in remote atmospheric dusts (a) continental vs Antarctic atmospheric dust, (b) island vs Arctic atmospheric dust. [M] is the concentration of element M.

The development of the ozone hole over Antarctica is accelerated by heterogeneous catalysis on microciystals of ice. These microcrystals form in abundance in the Antarctic spring, which is when the ozone hole appears. Ice microciystals are less common in the Arctic atmosphere, so ozone depletion has not been as extensive in the Northern Hemisphere. 

Lindberg SE, Brooks SB, Lin C-J, Scott KJ, Landis MS, Stevens RK, Goodsite M, Richter A. 2002. The dynamic oxidation of gaseous mercury in the Arctic atmosphere at polar sunrise. Environ Sci Technol 36 1245-1256. 

PFCs have been detected in environmental and biological samples being widespread around the world including water, soils and sediments, human samples, and even in remote areas such as the Arctic (atmosphere [34], Arctic Ocean [35], biological samples [36, 37] and few reviews have been published [38, 39]) or Antarctic (biological samples as penguins or seals [40, 41]). 

DDE The comparison of model data with observations shows significant discrepancies for the spatial distribution in atmosphere and ocean. The observed concentrations show a decrease from low to high latitudes, whereas the model results show an increase of oceanic concentrations. Therefore, modeled concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere strongly exceed observations. In general, possible could be in-... 

Berg WW, Heidt LE, Pollock W, et al. 1984. Brominated organic species in the arctic atmosphere. Geophysical Research Letters 11 429-432. 

Environ. Sci. Technol. (8) Shoeib, M. Harner, T. Vlahos, P. Perfluorinated chemicals in the Arctic atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 7577-7583. 

Barrie, L. A., J. W. Bottenheim, R. C. Schnell, P. J. Crutzen, and R. A. Rasmussen, Ozone Destruction and Photochemical Reactions at Polar Sunrise in the Lower Arctic Atmosphere, Nature, 334, 138-141 (1988). 

Barrie, L. A., and J. W. Bottenheim, Sulphur and Nitrogen Pollution in the Arctic Atmosphere, in Pollution of the Arctic Atmosphere (W. T. Sturges, Ed.), pp. 155-182, Elsevier, Amsterdam/New York, 1991, and references therein. 

Hung, H., C. J. Halsall, P. Blanchard, H. H. Li, P. Fellin, G. Stern, and B. Rosenberg, Are PCBs in the Canadian Arctic atmosphere declining Evidence from 5 years of monitoring , Environ. Sci. Technol., 35,1303-1311 (2001). 

Barrie, L.A., J.W. Bottenheim, R.C. Schnell, P.J. Crntzen, and R.A. Rasmussen (1988) Ozone destruction and photochemical reactions at polar sunrise in the lower Arctic atmosphere, Nature, 334, 138. 

Specific features of the Arctic atmosphere, such as Arctic Haze and extended cloudiness and radiation, were studied during the the First GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) Global Experiment, FGGE (Kondratyev, 1999a, b). 

The Arctic atmosphere provides the dynamic and thermodynamic forcing underlying the circulation of the Arctic Ocean and sea ice. Key directions of research include such problems as cloud-radiation interaction, air-sea interaction in the presence of ice cover (impacts of polynyas and leads are of special interest), Arctic haze, etc. 

Christensen J.H. (1997). The Danish Eulerian hemispheric model A three-dimensional air pollution model used for the Arctic. Atmospheric Environment, 31(24), 4169-4191. 

Lee PA, de Mora SJ (1999b) Intracellular dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in unicellular marine algae Speculations on its origin and possible biological, role. J Phycol 35 8-18 Lefevre M, Vezina A, Levasseur M, Dacey JWH (2002) A model of dimethylsulfide dynamics for the subtropical North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res Part I 49 2221-2239 Levasseur M, Gosselin M, Michaud S (1994) A New Source of Dimethylsulfide (DMS) for the Arctic Atmosphere - Ice Diatoms. Marine Biol 121 381-387 Liss PS, Malin G, Turner SM, Holligan PM (1994) Dimethyl Sulfide And Phaeocystis - A Review. J Mar Syst 5 41-53 Liss PS, Slater PG (1974) Flux of gases across the air-sea interface. Nature 247 181-184... 

Li, Y.-F., Bidleman, T., Barrie, L. A., McConnell, L. L. Global hexachlorocyclohexane use trends and their impact on the Arctic atmospheric environment. Geophysical Research Letters, 25 39 1 (1998). 

Halstall CT, Bailey R, Stern GA, Barrie LA, Fellin P, Muir DCG, Rosenberg B, Rovinski F, Konovov E, Pastukhov B (1998) Multiyear observations of organohalogen pesticides in the Arctic atmosphere. Environ Pollut 102 51 -62... 

Wever R. (1988) Ozone destruction by algae in the Arctic atmosphere. Nature 335, 501. 

Kelley, J. J. (1973). Surface ozone in the Arctic atmosphere. Pure Appl. Geophys. 106-108, 1106-1115. 

Kerminen, V. M., Teinila, K., HiUamo, R., and Makela, T., Size-segregated chemistry of particulate dicarboxyUc acids in the Arctic atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2089-2100, 1999. 

A persistent winter diffuse layer in the Arctic atmosphere whose origin may be related to long-range transport of midlatitude continental man-made pollutants, atmosphere (An)... 

Guimbaud, C., A. M. Grannas, P. B. Shepson, I D. Fuentes, H. Boudries, J. W. Bottenheim, F. Domine, S. Houdier, S. Perrier, T. B. Biesenthal and B. G. Splawn (2002) Snowpack processing of acetaldehyde and acetone in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer. Atmospheric Environment 36, 2743-2752... 

Baskaran and Shaw (2001), based on °Po/ Pb activity ratios, estimated that residence times of arctic haze aerosols, from the upper atmosphere to the arctic atmosphere, varied between 12 and 32 days from two measurements carried out during a 1 1/2-year period (winter) at Poker Flat (65.1°N, 147.5° W) and between 0 and 39 days from eight measurements carried out during a 2-month period (winter) at Eagle (69.5°N, 141.2°W) in Alaska. 

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