Pellizzari

Several studies of tissue distribution in humans after inhalation exposure to trichloroethylene report levels in the blood (Astrand and Ovrum 1976 Monster et al. 1976 Muller et al. 1974). Once in the bloodstream, trichloroethylene may be transported rapidly to various tissues where it will likely be metabolized. Trichloroethylene was detected in the blood of babies at birth after the mothers had received trichloroethylene anesthesia (Laham 1970), and detectable levels (concentrations not reported) have been found in the breast milk of mothers living in urban areas (Pellizzari et al. 1982). Post-mortem analyses of human tissue from persons with unspecified exposure revealed detectable levels of trichloroethylene (<1-32 pg/kg wet tissue) in most organs (McConnell et al. 1975). The relative proportions varied among individuals, but the major sites of distribution appeared to be body fat and the liver. 

Correlations of exposure with other measures of body burden are often difficult and their results are consequently less conclusive. For example, trichloroethylene was present at unspecified levels in eight of eight samples of mother s milk from four urban areas in the United States (Pellizzari et al. 1982). Whole-blood specimens from 121 men and 129 women with no known exposure to trichloroethylene had levels from nondetectable to 1.5 ppb (Antoine et al. 1986). Post-mortem analyses of human tissue revealed body fat... 

Exposure Levels in Humans. This information is necessary for assessing the need to conduct health studies on these populations. Trichloroethylene has been detected in human body fluids such as blood (Brugnone et al. 1994 Skender et al. 1994) and breast milk (Pellizzari et al. 1982). Most of the monitoring data have come from occupational studies of specific worker populations exposed to trichloroethylene. More information on exposure levels for populations living in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites is needed for estimating human exposure. 

Human milk Purged warm trapped in Tenax(I)-GC thermally desorbed HRGC/MS Qualitative identification NR Pellizzari et al. 1982... 

Purge-and-trap methods have also been used to analyze biological fluids for the presence of trichloroethylene. Breast milk and blood were analyzed for trichloroethylene by purging onto a Tenax gas chromatograph to concentrate the volatiles, followed by thermal desorption and analysis by GC/MS (Antoine et al. 1986 Pellizzari et al. 1982). However, the breast milk analysis was only qualitative, and recoveries appeared to be low for those chemicals analyzed (Pellizzari et al. 1982). Precision (Antoine et al. 1986) and sensitivity (Pellizzari et al. 1982) were comparable to headspace analysis. 

Krost KJ, Pellizzari ED, Walbum SG, et al. 1982. Collection and analysis of hazardous organic emissions. Anal Chem 54 810-817. 

Pellizzari ED, Hartwell TD, Harris BS, et al. 1982. Purgeable organic compounds in mother s milk. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28 322-328. 

Wallace LA, Pellizzari ED, Hartwell TD, et al. 1985. Personal exposures, indoor-outdoor relationships, and breath levels of toxic air pollutants measured for 355 persons in New Jersey. Atmos Environ 19 1651-1661. 

Wallace LA, Pellizzari ED, Sheldon L, et al. 1986d. The total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) study Direct measurement of personal exposures through air and water for 600 residents of several U.S. cities. In Cohen Y, ed. Pollutants in a multimedia environment. New York, NY Plenum Publishing Corp., 289-315. 

Wallace LA, Pellizzari ED, Leaderer B, et al. 1987. Emissions of volatile organic compounds from building materials and consumer products. Atmos Environ 21 385-395. 

Brownlee BG, JH Carey, GA Macinnes, IT Pellizzari (1992) Aquatic environmental chemistry of 2-(thiocyano-methylthio)benzothiazole and related benzothiazoles. Environ Toxicol Chem 11 1153-1168. 

Handy RW, Pellizzari ED, Poppiti JA. 1986. A method for determining the reactivity of hazardous wastes that generate toxic gases. Hazardous and Industrial Solid Waste Testing Fourth Symposium, ASTMSTP 886 106-120. 

Michael LC, Pellizzari ED, Wiseman RW. 1988. Development and evaluation of a procedure for determining volatile organics in water. Environ Sci Technol 22 565-570. 

Melhuus, A., K.L. Seip, H.M. Seip, and S. Mykelstad. 1978. A preliminary study of the use of benthic algae as biological indicators of heavy metal pollution in Sorfjorden, Norway. Environ. Pollut. 15 101-107. Melnyk, L.J., M.R. Berry, L.S. Sheldon, N.C. Freeman, and E. Pellizzari. 1999. Dietary exposure of children to lead. Book of Abstracts, Part 1, ENVR 33. 218th American Chemical Society National Meeting, New Orleans, August 22-26, 1999. 

Blood Purge and trap on Tenax GC cartridge desorb thermally GC/MS 3 ng/mL" 80a Pellizzari et al 1985a... 

Breath Collect on Tenax GC cartridge dry over calcium sulfate desorb thermally Capillary column GC/MS No data 70-130 Pellizzari et al 1985b... 

Erickson MD, Harris III BSH, Pellizzari ED, et al. Acquisition and chemical analysis of mother s milk for selected toxic substances. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 560/13-80-029. 

Pellizzari ED, Sheldon LS, Bursey JT. 1985a. Method 25. GC/MS determination of volatile halocarbons in blood and tissue. In Environmental Carcinogens selected methods of analysis. Fishbein L, O Neill IK, eds. Lyon, France. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 7 435-444. 

L. S. Milstein, A. Essader, E. D. Pellizzari, R. A. Fernando, and O. Akinbo. Selection of a Suitable Mobile Phase for the Speciation of Four Arsenic Compounds in Drinking Water Samples Using Ion-exchange Chromatography Coupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Sectrometry. Environ, lnt., 28(2002) 277-283. 

No information is available as to whether w-hexane or its metabolites cross the placenta in humans. Transfer across the placenta has been demonstrated in rats for -hexane and two resulting metabolites, 2-hexanone and 2,5-hexanedione (Bus et al. 1979) no preferential distribution to the fetus was observed for either -hexane or the metabolites. Due to its relatively rapid metabolism, storage of -hexane in body fat does not appear to occur at air concentrations to which humans are exposed thus, there is unlikely to be mobilization of maternally stored -hexane upon pregnancy or lactation. -Hcxanc has been detected in samples of human breast milk (Pellizzari et al. 1982) however, -hexane was not quantified, nor was any attempt made to assess the subjects exposure. A human milk/blood partition coefficient of 2.10 (Fisher et al. 1997) indicates there would be preferential distribution to this compartment if significant absorption occurred however no pharmacokinetic experiments have been... 

Hexane can be measured in exhaled breath during and following exposure (Mutti et al. 1984 Raymcr and Pellizzari 1996 Veulemans et al. 1982). At exposure concentrations of 100-200 ppm, -hexane can... 

---