Case-based payment

Input based methods tempt the providers in increasing the number of inputs so as to earn higher revenues. An output based method, on the other hand, creates incentives to increase the number of services. Input-based payments, unlike case-based payments, do not foster competition because the money does not follow the patient. Resource allocation is not responsive to changes in demand and utilization, and is often determined by historical patterns and political priorities. 

During loading and unloading of crude oil tankers, the specific gravity of the crude is measured to confirm it meets the specifications for the case where payment is made on a barrel basis, or when the volume is converted into weight if the transaction is based on a price per ton (Hayward et al., 1980). 

A payment scheme is a mechanism used to transfer funds from the payers to the providers. It can have a significant effect on how health care resources are allocated and services delivered. A well designed scheme facilitates access to health services and ensures high quality care, while promoting efficient use of resources at low cost. Therefore, it accomplishes far more than just funds transfer. As outlined in Langenbrunner et al. (2009), the methods of payment include fee-for-service (FFS), capitation, per diem, case based as in bundled payment, and pay-for-performance (P4P). 

There can be an element of maintenance costs that is fixed and an element which is variable. Fixed maintenance costs cover routine maintenance such as regular maintenance on safety valves which must be carried out irrespective of the rate of production. There also can be an element of maintenance costs which is variable. This arises from the fact that certain items of equipment can need more maintenance as the production rate increases. Also, royalties which cover the cost of purchasing another company s process technology may have different bases. Royalties may be a variable cost, since they can sometimes be paid in proportion to the rate of production. Alternatively, the royalty might be a single-sum payment at the beginning of the project. In this case, the single-sum payment will become part of the project s capital investment. As such, it will be included in the annual capital repayment, and this becomes part of the fixed cost. 

For any one case, say the base case, the project cashflow is constructed by calculating on an annual basis the revenue items (the payments received by the project) and then subtracting the expenditure items (the payments made by the project capex, opex and host government take). For each year the balance is the annual cash surplus (or cash deficit). Flence, on an annual basis... 

DecoveTj of Capital. In Figure 1, the annual book depreciation is used to retire the fixed capital investment. Whereas this accounting model does not correspond to the typical money flow, it is one possible model for recovery of capital. This model assumes that the investment is reduced each year by the amount of the annual depreciation. Another model (22) assumes that a uniform yearly book depreciation payment is made to an interest-bear sinking fund that accumulates to the depreciable fixed capital amount at the end of the venture. Using this second model, the investment is outstanding throughout the lifetime of the project. This also does not correspond to the actual money flow in most cases. ProfitabiUty analysis utilizes a third model based on discounted cash flows. 

In terms of typology and categorisation, in many cases the supplier of the chemical substances retains the ownership of the chemical whereas the applicant usually retains the ownership of the application plant. So it seems that in general the core competences of the partners involved are maintained while they are embedded in an umbrella model based on a case-specific unit of payment. 

In this business case there are two suppliers who provide the lubricants to the Mexican sugar mills. The lubricant is delivered to the sugar mill and collected and recycled by the service providers. The machines in the sugar mill are operated by the user. The basis of payment is the amount of sugar cane milled therefore the unit of charge is based on the function of the used lubricants (Fig. 7). 

Case 4. Case 2 above is modified so that working capital plus inventory fund requirements are assumed to be zero based on progress payments from customers. 

Using the comparative methodology discussed above, we will in the following present some results based on data which were collected with the help of national experts in each of the EU member States as well as in Norway, Switzerland and the Czech Republic. The financial performance of the farms is assessed using the indicators profits per ha and profits per family work unit in combination with important factors which determine profitability, e.g. yield levels and prices realised and support payments received. Most of the studies analysed are based on approach 3. In some cases, the selection of an adequate reference group was, in our opinion, not completely successfixl. Since the selection of the reference system has a large influence on results, the findings of the respective studies have to be interpreted with due care. 

Under the secured loan structure, the trustee might find it necessary under certain circumstances to enforce the fixed and floating charges. Such circumstances could include unremedied events of default under the issuer-borrower loan, or if third-party creditors were to attempt to put the company into administration. In this case, the trustee would seek to have an administrative receiver appointed on behalf of the secured creditors. However, the process could disrupt the receipt and payment of cash flows. The ratings of the notes are based on timely payment of interest (and sometimes principal) so the transaction will include some form of liquidity support, which is typically sized to enable the issuer to cover one year s debt service. 

The fixed-rate payer will require that the present value of the fixed-rate payments that must be made based on the swap rate not exceed the 14,052,917 payments to be received from the floating-rate payments. The fixed-rate receiver will require that the present value of the fixed-rate payments to be received is at least as great as the 14,052,917 that must be paid. This means that both parties will require a present value for the fixed-rate payments to be 14,052,917. If that is the case, the present value of the fixed-rate payments is equal to the present value of the floating-rate payments and therefore the value of the swap is zero for both parties at the inception of the swap. The interest rates that should be used to compute the present value of the fixed-rate payments are the same interest rates as those used to discount the floating-rate payments. 

ABSTRACT According to relevant documents and payment in the form of questionnaires, 224 cases of the domestic excavation accident in past two decades are collected in this paper. Based on processing and analysis of accident cases, the common risk events and factors are determined in the construction of deep excavation. Meanwhile the relativity between risk of quality and risk of safety and risk of investment is analyzed according to causes and losses of the accident, and the graph of macroscopic logical relation established between the risk of three objective dimension, which provides a reference for comprehensive risk management excavation construction process and basehne data for the theoretical analysis of risk. 

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