Payment scheme

However, in some applications, e.g., in payment schemes, one knows that all messages to be authenticated are very short, and some signature schemes have more efficient versions for this case. This is why signature schemes for arbitrary message spaces were allowed in Section 5.2.5. It is only assumed that the message space is... 

Some reasons for making clients information-theoretically secure in a payment scheme are ... 

As a general mle, co-payment systems should be transparent for the patient and should be kept as simple as possible. In particular the pharmacist, who in most instances is the agent charged with collecting co-payments, will cooperate most readily with co-payment schemes that are simple, efficient and easy to implement. 

Generally, the trustee takes first priority in the post enforcement priority of payments scheme (i.e., the order by which monies in the structure are distributed to the bondholders and other secured creditors). However, the trustee cannot necessarily expect a transaction in default to produce sufficient cash flows to cover the fees, expenses and potential legal liabilities it might incur in dealing with a default scenario. Accordingly, most trustees will be reluctant to take action upon an event of default situation without the explicit mandate of the bondholders. The trustee will not only be looking to the bondholders for indemnification, but also for assurance that the requisite number of bondholders (normally a majority) agrees that acceleration of debt/enforcement of the security is prudent under the circumstances. 

Employees are supposed to have a lookout to watch for other equipment when working on the track. But contractors are entirely green, and have much less experience. They often push the envelope due to their payment schemes. For example, contractors are paid for laying fiber optic cable by the foot, and don t want to get off the track when they should [e.g., when dangerous equipment is present]. They have no sense whatsoever of how important it is to abide by the rules. 

The main result identifies conditions under which a given production policy can be induced, and shows that the cheapest payment scheme to induce it consists of a differential piece rate and an inventory penalty. This is summarized in the following Theorem (proven in Plambeck and Zenios, 2002) ... 

If this condition holds, then the payment scheme inducing policy p at minimum expected cost to the principal consists of a payment rate... 

Then, the optimal payment scheme is characterized as the one that induces the second best production policy p (t) according to the differential piece rate and inventory penalty of Theorem 6. If the production cost function g p) is strictly convex, then p is the unique optimal production plan for the agent. If g p) is linear, then the second best policy p is an optimal response for the agent, but not the unique optimal response following standard practice in the economics literature, we assume that the agent will cooperate with the principal by selecting the second best policy. Structural properties of the second best production policy and optimal compensation scheme are discussed in Plam-beck and Zenios (2002). 

David C Parkes, Jayant R Kalagnanam, and Marta Eso. Achieving budget-balance with Vickrey-based payment schemes in exchanges. 

Under this heading come modifications to physical work design and layout, new machinery and work methods, changes in allocation of jobs to people, introduction of new incentive schemes so that different behaviour is rewarded and punished (e.g. payment schemes, promotion systems, direct safety incentives or simply what behaviour elicits praise from the boss), changes to safety rules, company policy or legal standards. 

In 1985 the first funded Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) was started in England and this was the beginning of a number of funded farm conservation schemes. Since then there have been various CAP-supported agri-environmental schemes introduced. In England about two-thirds of the farmed land is covered by one of the agri-environment schemes. The current CAP single payment scheme also has a number of environmental management requirements - crosscompliance. 

A payment scheme is a mechanism used to transfer funds from the payers to the providers. It can have a significant effect on how health care resources are allocated and services delivered. A well designed scheme facilitates access to health services and ensures high quality care, while promoting efficient use of resources at low cost. Therefore, it accomplishes far more than just funds transfer. As outlined in Langenbrunner et al. (2009), the methods of payment include fee-for-service (FFS), capitation, per diem, case based as in bundled payment, and pay-for-performance (P4P). 

In general, the payment methods can be categorized by the type of payment scheme (cost of inputs and performance of outputs) and whether the rates are determined or charged ex ante/ex post, as shown in Table 10.3. 

---