Side payment

In what follows, we will cover transferable utility cooperative games (players can share utility via side payments) and two solution concepts the core of the game and the Shapley value, and also biform games that have found several applications in SCM. Not covered are alternative concepts of value, e.g., nu-... 

Chakravarty and Zhang (2007) discuss a capacity exchange scenario between two firms and establish how capacity price may be determined, and how a side payment maybe used to coordinate the capacity exchange decisions. They also study a scenario where the firms capacity investment decisions are made individually and exchange decisions are made as in a centralized system. 

The Code of Professional Responsibility of the American Bar Association, Disciplinary Rule 2-108, provides in part that a lawyer shall not be a party to or participate in a partnership or employment agreement with another lawyer that restricts the right of a lawyer to practice law after the termination of a relationship created by the agreement, except as a condition to payment of retirement benefits. DR 4-101 provides for the protection of confidences and secrets of a client presumably forever unless disclosure is necessary under conditions set forth in the fine print, as, for example, to collect his fee. Interestingly, DR 2-106 (B) (2) provides that the determination of a reasonable fee includes "the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance of the particular employment will preclude other employment by the lawyer. A lawyer cannot serve both sides in a dispute, and taking one client may later bar lucrative employment. 

Markets for pharmaceutical products worldwide are less than well balanced. Markets dominated by the monopsonistic (single-buyer) power of government can exercise undue power over the supply side of the market and depress prices to dynamically inefficient levels. At the other extreme, markets with an ill-informed and typically feeble demand side, weakened further by moral hazard inherent in health third-party payment, are unduly dominated by the supply side. What is needed instead are markets with more evenly balanced of power, in which both sides of the market are accurately informed about the prices, clinical effectiveness, and cost effectiveness of the rival products being offered for sale. Creating such markets is one of the major challenges confronting health care policy makers around the globe. 

I m like that to my ma, they re just ripping the pish out of you, go and use drugs for a couple a weeks, turn up here, they feel sorry for theirself for a couple a days, stay here for maybe a fortnight , I says, and then, as soon as they get their giro [social security payment] or their book or whatever, they just fuck off again . She says, What am I meant to do It s my sons. And I say but what about me I m your son and you push me to the side for them . No I don t , aye ye do , no I don t . 

The costs associated with the treatment of a disease are categorized as direct costs and indirect costs. Those who are responsible for the payment of healthcare services are usually most interested in direct costs, or costs that are incurred directly as a result of the care of the patient s condition. These costs include hospitalization, physician visits, drugs, laboratory tests and procedures. They also include the treatment of drug-related side effects, the treatment of unfavorable drug drug interactions and the costs of switching from the current therapy to a new therapy. Direct costs may also include savings due to costs that are avoided inpatient days, outpatient visits, procedures and laboratory tests that do not occur. 

The NDA (including the conduct of clinical trials) usually takes several years to prepare and file and is very costly (which can include the payment of user fees to FDA to review the application). The FDA review period usually takes 1 to 2 years and the outcome is not certain. The approval process can be affected by a number of factors, including the severity of the side effects and the risks and benefits demonstrated in clinical trials. Additional animal studies or clinical trials may be requested during the FDA review process and may delay marketing approval. 

IV Determination of long-term efficacy and toxicity of marketed dmgs. Postmarketing surveillance studies. These studies are often conducted in private practice for postmarketing with a per-capita fee paid to assess side effects and patient acceptance. Such payments can create bias. REBs must assess the science and ethics of these studies as much as with the other phases. 

Cash subsidies may or may not specify the inputs they subsidize They include lump-sum payments and block contracts to provide a set of services tax rebates (on the construction of health facilities in underserved areas, for example) and capitated payments based solely on a catchment population. (A capitation payment that depends on the number of patients actually using a provider regularly or a system in which patients lose access to service when they shift to a different provider is a demand-side subsidy, as it is linked to the output of service utilization.)... 

The publicly owned and operated national health systems of many countries are examples of in-kind supply-side subsidies. In-kind subsidies are often provided for a more limited range of goods and services, including drugs, donations or loans of premises for health facilities, training, and payment of staff salaries. 

Lack of incentives to improve efficiency. Since supply-side subsidies do not normally link payment to the provision of service, they may be dissipated in salary increases and inefficiency rather than used to improve the quality and increase the quantity of services provided. 

Provider-Led Demand-Side Subsidies Provided before Service Provision Provider-led demand-side subsidies transferred before service provision include cost-per-case contracts in which the provider receives a fixed subsidy for a specified number of services, capitation payments, and referral vouchers distributed by providers that entitle the recipient to goods or services provided by others. 

This policy shift can build upon new or already existing, but dormant provisions in unemployment and social assistance schemes and related objectives. Activation tips the balance in favour of a more active and inclusive rather than passive and exclusive approach. Hence, activation means stronger intervention in spells of unemployment or inactivity periods and fewer acceptances of long-term benefit dependency and associated public expenditure. Traditional social policies are seen as part of the problem, less as a solution. In particular, transfer payments are perceived as having detrimental side-effects on individual employability and the overall performance of the labour market (Van Berkel and Homemann Moller 2002). 

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