Patents formats

Pitting potential, determination of, 258 Pit-patent formation, flow chart to compute, 298 Platinum Clavilier, 135... 

Patent Formation and Lattice-Gas automata, A. T. Lawniczakand, R. Kapral (Eds.), Field Institute Communications, Vol. 6, 1996. 

The fermentative fixing of CO2 and water to acetic acid by a species of acetobacterium has been patented acetyl coen2yme A is the primary reduction product (62). Different species of clostridia have also been used. Pseudomonads (63) have been patented for the fermentation of certain compounds and their derivatives, eg, methyl formate. These methods have been reviewed (64). The manufacture of acetic acid from CO2 and its dewatering and refining to glacial acid has been discussed (65,66). 

Oxidative Carbonylation of Ethylene—Elimination of Alcohol from p-Alkoxypropionates. Spectacular progress in the 1970s led to the rapid development of organotransition-metal chemistry, particularly to catalyze olefin reactions (93,94). A number of patents have been issued (28,95—97) for the oxidative carbonylation of ethylene to provide acryUc acid and esters. The procedure is based on the palladium catalyzed carbonylation of ethylene in the Hquid phase at temperatures of 50—200°C. Esters are formed when alcohols are included. Anhydrous conditions are desirable to minimize the formation of by-products including acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide (see Acetaldehyde). 

N). This area of the process has received considerable attention in recent years as companies strive to improve efficiency and reduce waste. Patents have appeared describing addition of SO2 to improve ion-exchange recovery of vanadium (111), improved separation of glutaric and succinic acids by dehydration and distillation of anhydrides (112), formation of imides (113), improved nitric acid removal prior to dibasic acid recovery (114), and other claims (115). 

The single-step -duoroaruline [31-40-4] process based on duorodeoxygenation of nitrobenzene (via in situ generation of /V-phenylhydroxyl amine) in anhydrous hydrogen duoride (94—96) has not been commercialized primarily due to concurrent formation of aniline, as well as limited catalyst life. The potential attractiveness of this approach is evidenced by numerous patents (97—101). Concurrent interest has been shown in the two-step process based on /V-phenylhydroxylamine (HF-Bamberger reaction) (102—104). 

The first cellular synthetic plastic was an unwanted cellular phenol—formaldehyde resin produced by early workers in this field. The elimination of cell formation in these resins, as given by Baekeland in his 1909 heat and pressure patent (2), is generally considered the birth of the plastics industry. The first commercial cellular polymer was sponge mbber, introduced between 1910 and 1920 (3). 

Other potential processes for production of formic acid that have been patented but not yet commerciali2ed include Hquid-phase oxidation (31) of methanol to methyl formate, and hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (32). The catalytic dehydrogenation of methanol to methyl formate (33) has not yet been adapted for formic acid production. 

Peroxide-Ketazine Process. Elf Atochem in France operates a process patented by Produits Chimiques Ugine Kuhhnaim (PCUK). Hydrogen peroxide (qv), rather than chlorine or hypochlorite, is used to oxidize ammonia. The reaction is carried out in the presence of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at atmospheric pressure and 50°C. The ratio of H202 MEK NH2 used is 1 2 4. Hydrogen peroxide is activated by acetamide and disodium hydrogen phosphate (117). Eigure 6 is a simplified flow sheet of this process. The overall reaction results in the formation of methyl ethyl ketazine [5921-54-0] (39) and water ... 

CLAIMS BIBLIO iacludes an abstract and claim ia additioa to basic bibliographic information for chemical and chemically related U.S. patents from 1950 and for all patents from 1963. AH claims are searchable and ptintable from 1971 claims for many patents are not avaHable from 1971 to 1974. Prom 1972, many tides have been enhanced with additional keywords to describe the iavention more clearly and to iadicate the presence of a drawiag chemical stmctures have beea coaverted so that they display ia linear format. Many company names have been standardized, and USPTO classification is updated aimuaHy to reflect reclassification projects. 

Although not commercialized, both Elf Atochem and Rn hm GmbH have pubUshed on development of hydrogen fluoride-catalyzed processes. Norsolor, since acquired by Elf Aquitaine, had been granted an exclusive European Hcense for the propylene-hydrogen fluoride technology of Ashland Oil (99). Rn hm has patented a process for the production of isobutyric acid in 98% yield via the isomerization of isopropyl formate in the presence of carbon monoxide and hydrofluoric acid (100). 

The older methods have been replaced by methods which require less, if any, excess sulfuric acid. For example, sulfonation of naphthalene can be carried out in tetrachloroethane solution with the stoichiometric amount of sulfur trioxide at no greater than 30°C, followed by separation of the precipitated l-naphthalenesulfonic acid the filtrate can be reused as the solvent for the next batch (14). The purification of 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid by extraction or washing the cake with 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone (diisobutyl ketone) or a C-1—4 alcohol has been described (15,16). The selective insoluble salt formation of 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid in the sulfonation mixture with 2,3-dimethyl aniline has been patented (17). 

Formation of Ozonides. Although the patent compound, HO3, is too unstable to be isolated, metal and nonmetal ozonides have been... 

Various patents (22—24) have been issued claiming the use of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate in, for example, water treating, pharmaceuticals (qv), and in the oil industry where this compound shows exceptional activity toward the sulfate-reducing bacteria that are a primary cause of hydrogen sulfide formation and consequent problems associated with souring and corrosion (25). 

Phosgene addition is continued until all the phenoHc groups are converted to carbonate functionahties. Some hydrolysis of phosgene to sodium carbonate occurs incidentally. When the reaction is complete, the methylene chloride solution of polymer is washed first with acid to remove residual base and amine, then with water. To complete the process, the aqueous sodium chloride stream can be reclaimed in a chlor-alkah plant, ultimately regenerating phosgene. Many variations of this polycarbonate process have been patented, including use of many different types of catalysts, continuous or semicontinuous processes, methods which rely on formation of bischloroformate oligomers followed by polycondensation, etc. 

Preparation of phlorogluciaol or its monomethyl ether by reaction of a halogenated phenol with an alkaU metal hydroxide in an inert organic medium by means of a benzyne intermediate has been patented (142). For example, 4-chlororesorcinol reacts with excess potassium hydroxide under nitrogen in refluxing pseudocumene (1,2,4-trimethylbenzene) with the consequent formation of pure phlorogluciaol in 68% yield. In a version of this process, the solvent is omitted but a small amount of water is employed (143). 

Although examples in the Kureha patent Hterature indicate latitude in selecting hold times for the low and high temperature polymerization periods, the highest molecular weight polymers seem to be obtained for long polymerization times. The addition of water to PPS polymerizations has been reported to effect polymer stabilization (49), to improve molecular weight (50,51), to cause or enhance the formation of a second Hquid phase in the reaction mixture (52), and to help reprecipitate PPS from NMP solution (51). It has also been reported that water can be added under pressure in the form of steam (53). 

One appHcation patented ia 1989 is the injection of sodium alumiaate into silica-containing formations for enhanced petroleum recovery (39). Additionally, the pharmaceutical industry uses sodium alumiaate as an alkaline source of aluminum for the production of certain antacids (40). 

The addition of 2,2, 4,4, 6-pentanitro-6 -methyldiphenylamine [64653-47-0] to seawater precipitates potassium (38). Aromatic amines, especially aminotetrahydronaphthalenes and their A[-aryl derivatives, are efficient flotation agents for quartz. The use of DPA for image formation in films has been patented (39,40). Diarylamines are used as intermediates (41) for azo, sulfur, oxidative base, triaryhnethane, oxazine, nitro, and safranine dyes (see Dyes and DYE INTERLffiDIATES). 

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