Hydrogen sulfide, formation

Various patents (22—24) have been issued claiming the use of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate in, for example, water treating, pharmaceuticals (qv), and in the oil industry where this compound shows exceptional activity toward the sulfate-reducing bacteria that are a primary cause of hydrogen sulfide formation and consequent problems associated with souring and corrosion (25). 

Hydrogen sulfide formation has been demonstrated in pediatric intravenous amino acid solutions used to treat infants with high protein requirements (Decsi and Koletzko 1993). Levels up to 1.96 ppm were found, presumably formed by sulfide liberation from cysteine derivatives during heat sterilization. 

In-sewer processes, e.g., hydrogen sulfide formation and fermentation, may cause corrosion, toxicity, and odor problems. 

Metcalf and Eddy, Inc. (1991), Wastewater Engineering — Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, 3rd edition revised by G. Tchobanoglous and F. L. Burton, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, p. 1334. Nielsen, P.H. and T. Hvitved-Jacobsen (1988), Effect of sulfate and organic matter on the hydrogen sulfide formation in biofilms of filled sanitary sewers, J. Water Pol. Contr. Fed., 60(5), 627-634. 

Example 6.2 Hydrogen sulfide formation in a pressure main... 

The volumetric rate of hydrogen sulfide formation in each of the two pipes multiplied with the residence time gives the hydrogen sulfide concentration in the wastewater at the outlet ... 

Basic Aspects and Stoichiometry of Hydrogen Sulfide Formation... 

Miljpstyrelsen (1988), Hydrogen sulfide formation and control in pressure mains, The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, project report no. 96, p. 109 (in Danish). 

Nielsen, P.H. and T. Hvitved-Jacobsen (1988), Effect of sulfate and organic matter on the hydrogen sulfide formation in biofilms of filled sanitary sewers, J. WPCF, 60, 627-634. 

Investigations suggesting the importance of putrefaction as a route of hydrogen sulfide formation in aquatic systems are sparse but significant and include evidence related to mass balance anomalies (5-7.9.101. bacterial... 

Hydrogen sulfide formation through dissimilatoiy sulfur reduction has for years been known as a source of environmental sulfur. This compound has invited recent study because of its possible effect on the redox chemistry of sea water. Both the lifetime and the oceanic concentrations of this reactive and highly toxic compound are the focus of the fifth section. 

Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements have confirmed the existence of polysulfenyl radicals in liquid sulfur which competitively abstract hydrogen or which react by insertion or addition to give carbon sulfur bonds (20, 21). Hydrogen abstraction and subsequent hydrogen sulfide formation occurs predominantly above 160°C and must be avoided by reducing the mixing temperature. At temperatures below 160°C the prevalent reaction is believed to be the sulfur addition into the asphalt molecule (18,19, 22,23). 

A number of researchers have studied the effects of treating asphalts with sulfur. The solubility of sulfur in asphalt increases with temperature but is quite low at temperatures below 149°C (the maximum safe temperature for practical mix handling operations to avoid hydrogen sulfide formation). Attempts have been made to form homogeneous dispersions of sulfur in asphalt by mixing, emulsification, and pumping action. The... 

Then, electron acceptors are sequentially used in the following general descending order dissolved dioxygen, nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide. Therefore, hydrogen sulfide formation follows nitrate reduction but precedes methane production as shown in Table 7.6. 

Linderholm, A. L., Findleton, C. L., Kumar, G., Hong, Y, Bisson, L. F. (2008) Identification of genes affecting hydrogen sulfide formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 74, 1418-1427. 

Spiropoulos, A., Tanaka, J., Flerianos, I., Bisson, L. F. (2000) Characterization of hydrogen sulfide formation in commercial and natural wine isolates of Saccharomyces. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 51, 233-248. 

Wenzel, K., Dittrich, H. H. (1983). Hydrogen sulfide formation by yeast during wine making. In 3rd. International Mycology Congress, Tokyo - Japan, Abstract 339. 

Fermentation Conditions All juices had additions prior to fermentation in order to eliminate deficiencies from being a factor in hydrogen sulfide formation. These included 120 mg N/L in the form of diammonium phosphate (DAP), 50 mg/L S02, 75 ug/L pantothenate, 2 ug/L biotin and 75 ug/L thiamin. All fermentations were inoculated widi 240 mg/L of active dry wine yeast (Fermivin), that had been reactivated in 35°C water. All fermentations were conducted in duplicate at 25°C, in temperature controlled, constantly stirred (100 rpm), fermentors (Applikon) using 500 mL of white juice or 300 mL juice of red juice plus the corresponding amount of skins and seeds. 

Hydrogen sulfide formation was most strongly associated with juices that were higher in glycine and citrulline levels, lower in p-alanine levels and with higher ratios of methionine to FAN. 

There was no significant correlation of hydrogen sulfide formation with either the free amino nitrogen or total nitrogen levels. 

Chebotarev, E.N., 1975. Microbiological hydrogen sulfide formation in the freshwater karst lakes Bol shoi Kichier and Chernyi Kichier. Microbiology, 43 939—943. 

Ivanov, M.V. and Kostruva, M.F., 1961. Microbiological studies of Carpathian sulfur deposits, ni. Hydrogen sulfide formation in Yazov sulfur field. Mikrobiologiya, 30 130—134. 

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