Patentability equivalents

EP0441462 26 A culture of mutant R. rhodochrous strain ATCC No. 53968, derivative microorganisms and its use in DS WC European patent equivalent to US5104801 [51]... 

The European patent equivalent to the nonobviousness requirement in the United States is referred to as the inventive step requirement. Although the terminology is different, the overall effect is generally the... 

Westerlund L (2002). Biotech Patents Equivalency and Exclusions under European and US Patent Law, Kluwer Law International, New York, pp. 351. 

Journal abbreviations generally follow the practice of the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI). In patent references, no distinction is made between patent applications and granted patents. Wherever possible, English-language patent equivalents are quoted. 

World Patents Index DIALOG, ORBIT, Questel, STN Derwent Information Ltd. international limited bibliographic data patent families comprehensive English language abstracts of basic and some equivalent granted patents polymer and chemical stmcture indexing for subscribers drawings... 

USPATFULL STN Chemical Abstracts Service U.S. full bibhographic data full text Chemical Abstracts indexing from U.S. patent or equivalent... 

Plasticizers for acryhcs include all common phthalates and adipates. There has been interest in the development of acryUc plastisols similar to those encountered with PVC. Clearly the same aspects of both plastisol viscosity and viscosity stabiUty are important. Patents appear in the Hterature (32) indicating that the number of available plasticizers that show both good compatibiHty with acryHc resins and satisfactory long-term plastisol stabiHty may be fewer than those showing equivalent properties with emulsion PVC resins. 

Patents have appeared (33,34) which show formulations containing PMMA emulsion polymer and PMMA suspension polymer combined with benzyl butyl phthalate and octyl benzyl phthalate. It is likely that polymers of this type will require highly polar plasticizers in order to have both adequate compatibiHty and adequate gelation. When replacing PVC appHcations the use of large quantities of phosphate plasticizers is sometimes required to give equivalent fire performance. 

Fig. 3. The key steps of the Kureha process, as disclosed in the patent Hterature (48), are (/) dehydration of aqueous feedstocks (sodium sulfide or its functional equivalent) in the presence of A/-methyl-2-pyrrohdinone (2) polymerization of the dehydrated sodium sulfide with -dichlorobenzene at alow temperature to form a prepolymer (J) addition of water to the prepolymer (4) a second, higher temperature polymerization step and (5) polymer recovery.

The Minitran system, by 3M Health Care, is a monolithic transdermal system that deUvers nitroglycerin at a continuous rate of 0.03 mg/(cm h) (81). The dmg flux through the skin is higher than the previous two systems thus the Minitran system is a smaller size for equivalent dosing. For example, the 0.1 mg/h dose is achieved with a 3.3 cm system rather than the 5 cm systems of Transderm-Nitro or Nitro-dur. Because the skin is rate-controlling in a monolithic system and the Minitran flux is higher than the similar monolithic Nitro-dur system flux, it appears that 3M Health Care has included an additive to increase the skin flux to 0.03 mg/(cm h). Whereas this information is not apparent in Reference 81, patent information supports the hypothesis (96). 

Prior to 1890, formaldehyde was not commercially available [2]. Thus the first phenol-formaldehyde resins were made using formaldehyde equivalents such as methylene diacetate or methylal [2,20]. The first true phenol-formaldehyde resin was made by Kleeberg at the direction of Emil Fisher in 1891 [2,21]. Saliginen (o-hydroxymethyl phenol) was recognized as a condensation product of phenol and formaldehyde in 1894 and was the subject of United States patents in 1894 and 1896 [22,23]. 

Most of the compounds in this class have been prepared from preexisting crown ether units. By far, the most common approach is to use a benzo-substituted crown and an electrophilic condensation polymerization. A patent issued to Takekoshi, Scotia and Webb (General Electric) in 1974 which covered the formation of glyoxal and chloral type copolymers with dibenzo-18-crown-6. The latter were prepared by stirring the crown with an equivalent of chloral in chloroform solution. Boron trifluoride was catalyst in this reaction. The polymer which resulted was obtained in about 95% yield. The reaction is illustrated in Eq. (6.22). 

Amino-5-bromoselenazole is mentioned in a patent without further details. It is stated to be a starting material for pharmaceutical products. In analogy to the corresponding thiazole compounds, it is stated to be prepared by heating 2-aminoselenazole in aqueous hydrobromic acid under reflux and slow addition of an equivalent amount of bromine. 

To 50 cc of a carefully purified aqueous solution of the sodium salt of N(7-chloromercuri-)3-methoxy-propyl)-d-a-camphoramic acid containing 40 mg of mercury per cc is added 10 cc of a solution containing 1.14 g (1 mol equivalent) of sodium thioglycollate and the mixture is then evaporated to dryness at room temperature and reduced pressure in the presence of a desiccant. The product is an amorphous white powder which decomposes at 156° to 158°C (uncorr,), and which was found on analysis to have a mercury content of 33.0%, according to U.S. Patent 2,576,349. 

As described in U.S. Patent 3,123,613, the preparation of the intermediate product, 2-pyridineaidoxime methomethylsulfate, Is as follows. 1 kg of 2-pyridinealdoxime is dissolved in 6 liters of acetone and filtered until clear. 2 kg (2 equivalents) of freshly distilled dimethyl sulfate are added and the solution mixed. In about 30 minutes crystals start to appear, after which a cooling bath is used to keep the temperature at about 30° to 35°C until the reaction is nearly complete (about 2 hours). 

A method which appears to be essentially equivalent to the best ABL method was patented by Brennecke (Ref 10) who claims better utilization of the spent acid and solvent and better yield in a repetitive, step-wise procedure. Another modification patented by Rolewicz et al (Ref 12) utilizes mixed acid and methylene chloride extrn and appears to be little different from the above methods, except that the nitric acid is made oxide-free. A method of obtaining 98.4% pure Petrin from its mixts with PETN and PE dinitrate is claimed by Brennecke (Ref 16)... 

Petrin. The earliest reference to its prepn and use appears to be in German patents (Ref 1). Ref 15 gives its heat of explosion as 1204cal/g, and its impact sensitivity as 5 to 10 inches on the PicArsn impact machine (or roughly equivalent to Tetryl)... 

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