Patent description

Patent, n. patent (in the proper sense cf. Ge-brauchsmuster). -amt, n. patent office, -an-meldimg, f. application for a patent, -an-spruchi m. patent claim, -anwalt, m. patent attorney, -beschreibung,/. patent description or specification, -blatt, n. patent gazette. -dauer, /. life of a patent, -ein-spruch, m. patent interference, patentfahig, a. patentable. 

According to patent descriptions (Scheme 76), activated methylene groups were reacted with nitrosating agents and with dimethylformamide to yield oximes, such as 332, and oc-aminomethylene ketone 334, respectively (73USP3780043, 99W032453). 

The quality of a patent, i.e. its scope, the chances to get it granted and its enforceability, is to a great extent dependent on the quality and depth of the underlying research. The most cunning patent description and wording of the patent claims cannot cover weaknesses in the research upon which a patent is based. 

Having confirmed that a certain depository is recognized by the patent office of the country where the patent application is due to be filed and that the depository is able to handle the specimens in question (for safety reasons certain samples may not be acceptable in some institutions, and some countries may not accept certain biological samples for quarantine reasons), the deposit must be made by the date of filing of the application. The institution where the deposit was made, the accession number which identifies it and the date of the deposit must be mentioned in the patent description. 

A patent must end with one or more patent claims which describe the patented subject matter as unambiguously as possible. Patent claims may be considered as the definition of the patent scope for legal purposes. The precedent patent description has to justify all aspects of the patent claims and will be used for this purpose during the examination process. But only in cases of doubt will details of the patent description be used later on to interpret the patent claims. Thus, patent claims must be formulated with the utmost care. The three basic requirements novelty, non-obviousness and utility have to apply to... 

After being granted, the final patent description is published again. Within a limited time an opposition can be filed by any interested person. The window of time to oppose is between 9 months for EP patents and only 3 months for Australian patents. 

Evidence that the patent description does not sufficiently enable others to reproduce the invention to the extent given by the claims can be used successfully to render an entire patent or certain individual patent claims invalid. In practice, this would be a very expensive and difficult exercise, however, this situation can emerge if two competitors simultaneously work on the same invention. 

Compared with the cost of fruitless re-inventions, the expenses of patent searches are minute and comparable to scientific literature searches. The information obtained may be extremely valuable considering the fact that patent descriptions usually are very detailed and may also refer to alternative methods and possible variations of important parameters. 

A batch-type reactor equipped with a screw feeder and mixer is offered by US patent [49]. A special grate is mounted inside the reactor, above the cracked melted waste plastics mixture. Scraped waste plastics which are submitted to the cracking reactor melt at the grate and fall down to the reaction mixture. As in the case of previous patent description, in the course of cracking process a mixer of a special construction scrapes coke form the reactor walls and then coke is removed from the specially shaped reactor bottom by a screw transporter. The process temperature attains level of 450° C. 

It will be noted that this type of complex-formation is entirely different from that in which complexes are formed between amylose and certain polar, organic compounds. In contrast to the precipitates of the latter complexes (which are of a distinct, crystalline appearance), the starch-alkaline-earth hydroxide complexes are amorphous, curdlike flocculates. These complexes di,s.sociate on diluting them with water, and the starch redissolves. According to the patent description, the amylose complexes dissolve much more easily than the amylopectin complexes hence, fractionation must occur if water is added stepwise. Likewise, fractionation will take place if the starch complexes are partially neutralized, by the gradual addition of an acid. For obvious reasons, such acids as carbonic acid and sulfuric acid (which give insoluble calcium salts) are preferred. Furthermore, it is claimed that gradual addition of caustic alkali to a starch solu-... 

Kawaguchi and coworkers at Teijin have prepared a series of polymers based on poly(diallyl amine), its copolymer with sulfur dioxide, and various terpolymers.39 The chemistry of this polymer synthesis is shown below. The patent description shows the diallylamine polymers to be polypiperidine (six-membered ring) derivatives, but there are a number of publications that show this monomer to produce preferably polypyrrolidine (five-membered ring) structures ... 

The chemical constitution of some melamine-type or otherwise nitrogen-containing flame-retardants is given in patent descriptions ... 

The forming method has it that isotactic polypropylene is formed as a board on which one or more parallel layers of fibers are applied. Additionally, on one side, the ends of fibers must reach out over the edge of the board to be caught and puUed. Next, the second polypropylene board is applied. The boards are heated to 175-285°C at a constant or increased pressure, and then the set is cooled down. Below 150°C, the fibers are moved to the distance up to few millimeters at 0.01-0.1 m/s. Having obtained the desired shape, the product is cooled down to the ambient temperature [3]. The technique presented in the cited patent description ensures high content of p form in the polypropylene composite reinforced with natural fiber. 

The polyethylene particle morphology (particle shape, size and density) is an important property for high-activity Ziegler catalysts used in the gas-phase, fluidized-bed process. As discussed previously in patent description IV, U.S. Patent 4,302,565 issued to Union Carbide Corporation on November 24, 1981, magnesium/titanium complexes discovered in the 1970s (patents described in II and III above) were impregnated into silica in order to provide a catalyst system that could be injected into the gas-phase process as a solid material. 

The reaction is carried out at 600 °C. The products are cooled in the heat exchanger by the incoming gas to 205 °C and directed into the refrigerator and then into the water scrubber, where a 5—10% solution of formaldehyde is prepared. The solution is neutralized to remove formic acid and then distilled imder pressure to obtain a 34% solution of formaldehyde with 3% methanol. Consuming 203.3 m of methane per hour, the installation produced 26.4 kg/h of formaldehyde, i.e., selectivity of its formation was 9.7% [93]. Thus, although the patent description claimed a )deld of 35%, the actual yield was only 10%. The rest of the methane... 

The creation of cinchophen from the German patent description validated the patent, he argued. 

For the described back-to-back gears, two axial bearings have been arranged in series. It was possible to find a mechanism that allows for any power split between several axial bearings. These mechanisms are described in detail in the international patent description. 

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