Patches, topical application

RNase (RNAse ribonuclease) An enzyme that cleaves RNA. routes of administration of drugs There are many different routes but common ones include intravascular injection or infusion (into the blood vessels, e.g. by drip, mainly intravenous (into veins) but sometimes intra-arterial (into arteries) intramuscular (injection into muscles) subcutaneous (injection beneath the dermis of the skin) intradermal (injection into the skin) transdermal (across the skin. e.g. from skin patches) topical (application to the skin or mucous membranes) per rectum (by an ointment or suppository into the rectum) intravaginally (by an ointment or pessary into the vagina) intrathecal (by injection into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord) intranasally (often as a spray) orally (by mouth) inhalation. rRNA ribosomal RNA. 

True IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions to LAs are extremely rare [11-13]. Only single cases have been reported in the literature with positive prick tests [ 14,15]. A case of a positive open patch test in a patient suffering from contact urticaria after topical application of lidocaine, pilocaine mixture (Emla cream) might represent a true IgE-mediated allergy [16]. The maj ority of immediate-type reactions are non-immune in nature. 

Transdermal and Topical Administration Transdermal administration is used to apply the drug on the skin surface. The drug is absorbed and transported by blood to receptors, which may be remote from the part of the skin where the transdermal patch is. The flrst pass metabohsm is circumvented. Topical administration is used to apply the drug for local effects. The typical areas for topical application are the skin, eyes, throat, nose, and vagina. 

The solubilization of a drug substance in monophasic liquid crystalline vehicles gives semisolid formulations which are preferably used for topical application (see Surfactant Gels and Transdermal Patches above). 

The potential of Ecoflex (powder) to cause acute dermal irritation or corrosion was assessed by a single topical application of the test substance to the intact skin of rabbits according to OECD guideline 404. After removal of the patch, the application area was washed off and cutaneous reactions were assessed for 72 h. No cutaneous reactions were observed. Hence, Ecoflex (powder) is not irritating to skin. 

Topical application of testosterone, as a gel or from transdermal patches, can lead to absorption and systemic effects (SEDA-16, 158). Transdermal absorption of testosterone (usually from treatment of vulvar lichen scler-osus et atrophicus) can lead to increased libido, clitoral hypertrophy, pubic hirsutism, thinning of the scalp hair, facial acne, voice change, hirsutism, and even virilization (111). 

This test also employs topical application of the test material. An absorbent patch, Webril 20 x 20 mm, backed by Blenderm tape and saturated with 0.4 ml of the test material, is placed on the shaved flanks of... 

Systemic allergic reactions have been reported in eight patients after topical application of a wart formulation containing resorcinol (3). All developed a marked eczematous, sometimes bullous reaction, localized to the site of application in four cases there were generalized urticaria and angioedema, in one pompholyx eczema, and in three generalized eczema with pompholyx. In aU cases there were positive patch tests with resorcinol. 

Myristic acid is used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations. Myristic acid has been evaluated as a penetration enhancer in melatonin transdermal patches in rats and bupropion formulations on human cadaver skin. Further studies have assessed the suitability of myristic acid in oxymorphone formulations and clobetasol 17-propionate topical applications. " ... 

Challenge Topical Application Days 20-22 treated and control groups The flanks of treated and control animals are cleared of hair. A patch or chamber loaded with the test substance is applied to one flank of the animals and, when relevant, a patch or chamber loaded with the vehicle only may also be applied to the other flank. The patches are held in contact by an occlusive dressing for 24 h. 

Allergic contact dermatitis, confirmed by patch testing, has been reported after topical application of products containing gotu kola (Bilbao et al. 1995 Eun and Lee 1985 Izu et al. 1992 Morante et al. 1998 Santucci et al. 1985 Vena and Angelini 1986). 

Allergic reactions to castor oil, including cheilitis and dermatitis, confirmed by patch testing, have been reported after topical application of personal care products containing castor oil (Aplin and Eliseo 1997 Brandle et al. 1983 Di Berardino and Della Torre 2003 Fisher 1991 Kalavala et al. 2007 le Coz and Ball 2000 Lodi et al. 1992 Sai 1983 Taghipour et al. 2008 Tan et al. 1997 Wakelin et al. 1996 Wilbur 2007). 

The Buehler test (Buehler 1964) also employs topical application of the test material. An absorbent patch or vehicle alone is placed on the shaved flanks of 10-20 guinea pigs. Test concentration varies from undiluted to usage levels. A concentration that produces slight erythema is optimum and is selected based on an irritancy screen conducted in other animals. This procedure is repeated 7 days and 14 days after the initial exposure. Two weeks after the last induction patch, animals are challenged with patches saturated with a non-irritating concentration of test material and with the vehicle. After 6 h, the patch is removed and the area depilated. Test sites are visually evaluated 24 h and 48 h after patch removal. Animals developing erythematous responses are considered sensitized (if irritant control animals do not respond). 

Daughters D, Zackheim H, Maibach HI (1973) Urticaria and anaphylactoid reactions after topical application of mechlo-rethamine. Arch Dermatol 107 429-430 deGroot A (1986) Patch testing test concentration and vehicles for 2800 allergens. Elsevier Science Publishers, BV, Amsterdam... 

---