Surfactant gels

Controlled/living radical polymerisation (CRP) is currently a fast developing area in polymer synthesis and it allows preparation of many advanced polymeric materials, including thermoplastic elastomers, surfactants, gels, coatings, biomaterials, materials for electronics and many others. 

A ringing surfactant gel of liquid crystalline microstmcture containing the antimy-kotic bifonazole was introduced in 1995 into the German market (Bifomyk Gel). 

The solubilization of a drug substance in monophasic liquid crystalline vehicles gives semisolid formulations which are preferably used for topical application (see Surfactant Gels and Transdermal Patches above). 

Chakraborty I, Moulik SP (2004) Preparation and characterization of nanoscale semiconductor particles of ZnS, CdS, and PbCr04 in polymer-surfactant gel matrix. J Dispers Sci Technol 25 849-859... 

In the various sections of this chapter, I will briefly describe the major characteristics of FT-IR, and then relate the importance of these characteristics to physiochemical studies of colloids and interfaces. This book is divided into two major areas studies of "bulk" colloidal aggregates such as micelles, surfactant gels and bilayers and studies of interfacial phenomena such as surfactant and polymer adsorption at the solid-liquid interface. This review will follow the same organization. A separate overview chapter addresses the details of the study of interfaces via the attenuated total reflection (ATR) and grazing angle reflection techniques. 

Usually the surfactant concentration in ointments and creams is significantly lower than in surfactant gels. Ointments are non-aqueous preparations, whereas creams result from ointments by adding water. The microstructure of both ointments and creams may consist of liquid crystals, as long as a liquid crystalline network or matrix is formed by amphiphilic molecules. In a liquid crystalline matrix, it is easier to deform the system by shear such formulations show plastic and thixotropic flow behavior on shear. In comparison to systems with a crystalline matrix which are usually destroyed irreversibly by shear, those with a liquid crystalline matrix exhibit a short regeneration time of... 

PANI nanoribbons, also known as nanobelts, have been synthesized by a self-assembly process using the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in a surfactant gel, formed by mixing an acetic acid solution of anihne and CTAB with an aqueous solution of APS... 

Gupta, D.V.S., Leshchyshyii, T.T., Hhdek, B.T. Surfactant gel foam/emulsions History and field application in the western Canadian sedimentary basin. Source Proceedings—SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, p 4543-4549, 2005, Proceedings—SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, ATCE 2005. 

Surfactants Gel characteristics can be varied by adjusting the proportion and concentration of the ingredients. Poloxamer 407 is a polyoxyethylene that functions as a surfactant. ... 

Fig. 2 (a-c) Physical polymer-network cross-linking provided by mixed micelles in hydrogels formed via hydrophobic interactions in surfactant solutions. Mixed micelles are formed by aggregation of hydrophobic blocks of per-se hydrophilic polymers and surfactant alkyl tails, (b) Nonionic polymer and ionic surfactant gel system at the state of preparation. For clarity, charges are not shown, (c) Ionic polymer and oppositely charged surfactant gel system after extraction of free micelles, (d) Structure of the hydrophobic monomers used in the micellar polymerization... 

In addition, one-phase smfactant-assisted chemical method has been utilized to synthesize PANI nanofiber, which was doped with CSA and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid, in large quantities [291]. A chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline has been carried out using ammonium peroxydisulfate as an oxidizing agent in the presence of nonionic surfactant. A precipitate of doped emeraldine salt is composed of PANI nanofiber, which has the diameter of 30-50 nm and exhibits the conductivity of 1 -5 S cm at RT. Another piece of research has been done through chemical oxidation polymerization of aniline in a surfactant gel, which was formed by a mixture of hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, acetic acid, anihne, and water at - 7 °C [292]. The dendritic PANI nanofiber has the diameter of 60-90 nm and the length of 1 -2 jim. Extended works have been performed by the electrospinning method [293]. It should be taken into account that PANI-CSA fiber shape could be influenced by the synthetic variables such as solvent, surface tension, viscosity, and solution conductivity. 

Figure 2. UV/Vis absorption spectra of Phenol Red in a (PVA)/borax/surfactant gel mtwork at different temperatures.

Mueller, M. (2005) Oil-containing surfactant gels comprising a mixture of ethoxylated citric acid esters, US Patent 7,407,926. 

Anedco AF-802 Anedco AF-804 surfactant, gasoline addKives Myristamine oxide Stearamine oxide surfactant, gel cleansers PEG-75 illipe butter glycerides PEG-75 mango glycerides PEG-75 shea butter glycerides... 

Ravey and Stebe [223,224] studied SANS of nonionic fluorinated surfactant gels. SANS spectra of systems containing a fluorocarbon, nonionic fluorinated surfactant, and large amounts of water were interpreted in terms of water-in-(water-in-oil microemulsions) emulsions. 

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