Fire damages

For safely reasons, heaters are most often used to heat a heal medium system (water, steam, or heat transfer fluid) rather than to heat the gas or oil stream directly. If the fluid to be heated contains hydrocarbons, (lie heatci can he located safely away from other equipment, If it catches on fire, damage can be limited. 

On March 26, 1980, a power shovel was relocating a tank containing 1500 I (750 kg 1650 lb) liquid propane. During maneuvering, the tank fell from the shovel a portion of its contents was releas as a result. After a delay of 30 seconds, the ensuing vapor cloud was ignited. The explosion caused substantial blast and fire damage. There were no casualties. 

All important factor in assessing tlie causes and effects of fires is tlie beluivior of a fire s flmne. Knowledge of a flame s spreading rate and heat intensity can reduce fire liazard potentials and fire damage. The classifications of flame behavior are ... 

The tlienual radiation intensity and tlie time duration of fires often are used to estimate injury and damage due to a fire. Various tables liave been compiled to set up criteria for fire damage to people and property. Table 7,3.1 shows a relationsliip between heat radiation intensity and bum injury, ... 

Beek, The Netherlands -(Ref. 20) 14 (6 in buildings) A propylene leak resulted in an explosion that caused severe blast and fire damage to the control house. All controls and plant records were lost. 

If the release results in limited evaporation of the flammable liquid, a pool will form on the ground, and if ignited, will cause the material to bum above the liquid surface of the pool, resulting in a pool fire. Heat from the fire accelerates evaporation from the pool, sustaining the fire. Damage from pool fires is usually localized and results from radiant heat and direct flame contact. 

The PSM Rule requires all PrHAs to address "any previous incident which had a likely potential for catastrophic consequences in the workplace," 29 CFR 1910.119(e)(3)(ii). An incident is an unplanned event that may or may not result in injuries and/or loss. For example, an incident might involve a flammable gas leak that does not ignite. An accident, on the other hand, is an unplanned event that actually leads to personal injury, property damage, environmental damage, and/or business interruption losses, such as the ignition of a flammable gas leak resulting in burns and fire damage. 

Vibration from a bad pump bearing caused a pump seal to fail in a cumene section of a phenol acetone unit. The released flammable liquids and vapors ignited. An explosion ruptured other process pipes, adding fuel to the original fire. Damage to the plant exceeded 23 million. 

The rescuing of survivors, treatment of casualties, and making the scene safe are aU likely to be priority tasks at any bombing incident, and additional potential hazards from fires, damaged buildings in a state of near coUapse, unexploded devices, or deliberately placed booby traps must also be home in mind. A cordon around the scene should be established at the earliest possible moment to control access and ensure the preservation of evidence. 

One useful tool of risk assessment is to compare the risk before and after prevention or mitigation to determine the difference in risk. A cost benefit analysis can be completed that determines the cost of the mitigation versus the amount of risk reduction. All costs need to be calculated to determine a cost per year. These costs would include fire damage, injury or fatality, insurance cost increases, loss of profits, etc. The cost of the mitigation, including capital and maintenance costs, needs to be determined. 

Contain potential fire damage to the zone of origin (which may be either expendable or provided with appropriate fire protection features). 

Fire damage to cable trays can be caused by exposure to flames and heat from spill or pool fires below, falling burning liquids from above, thermal radiation from an adjacent fire, or fire originating among the cables themselves. Cable trays and other grouped cable, wire, and nonmetallic tubing runs should be evaluated to determine the potential for fire exposure where warranted by their size and cost or safety-related importance of their service. 

If an air compressor is located such that a flammable release from nearby equipment could envelope the air compressor, then automatic deluge or sprinkler protection may be required to protect the air compressor from fire damage. 

Exposed equipment—Equipment subject to fire damage, usually from a source other than the equipment being protected. 

Replace all corroded isopentane, catalyst mix, or fire damaged lines and equipment. For carbon steel lines without an inspection history, pull all insulation before inspection. (Before startup)... 

Ludwigshafen, Germany 1948 Dimethylether 245 killed, 2500 injured. Railcar ruptured alongside a dimethyl plant followed by an explosion and fire (Damage 8M) UVCE... 

Investigations concerning the production and prevention of fire damage to military material must be conducted concurrently. The physical nature of the detonation process within expls involves studies of detonations by various types... 

BFRs work by releasing bromine free radicals when they are heated. These free radicals scavenge other free radicals that are part of the flame propagation process and thus reduce the rate of flame expansion and the extent of fire damage. Organobromine compounds are particularly well suited for this function because of the relatively low energy of the C - Br bond. When heated, these bonds break, and the relatively stable bromine free-radical is generated. The BFR s carbon skeleton is more or less irrelevant it is just a convenient way to carry the bromine atoms. Thus, most BFRs have simple carbon skeletons to which several bromine atoms are bonded. 

A claim that paints would eliminate this 700,000,000 annual loss would be considered unrealistic. However, by examining the various factors of this fire damage in the cold light of reality, it should be possible to decide the most effective places to use paints for reduction of fire damage, and the more promising development approaches to be used to obtain such a paint or paints. 

Therefore, three major means exist for reducing fire damage -- removing the fuel, removing the air, and lowering the temperature. For each means, there are several approaches. The success of each approach is influenced by the type and nature of the fire. 

Studies of fire damage from atomic bomb attack and incendiary bomb attack have shown this reduction of flame spread to be a significant and measurable fact. However, variations in burning conditions, types of structures, types of paints, condition of the paint at the time of exposure to fire, etc., will always leave the true value of protective paints open to question and subject to opinion. 

Therefore, paints may perform a positive role in reduction of fire damage. This realization that paints may reduce combustion has led to several methods for meas-uring this phenomenon. All the tests have one thing in common They use an uncoated substrate as the base standard. They differ in their duration and severity of direct flame exposure. 

A pharmacy, like any other business entity, needs to protect itself, its employees, and its customers from physical and financial harm. No matter how careful a pharmacy is about preventing risks, it is practically impossible to eliminate accidents, such as when a customer or employee slips on the pharmacy s floor. At the same time, insuring for these risks does not eliminate the need for pharmacies to take effective risk prevention measures. Indeed, insurers commonly require that pharmacies have risk prevention measures in place to keep insurance policies in good standing for these risks or to reduce premiums. For instance, insurance for fire damage generally requires a sprinkler system or smoke detectors or alarms. 

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