Parsnip root

Androgenic compounds occur in various plants. Celery stalks and parsnip roots contain trace amounts of androstenedione (Fig. 11.12), the same compound found in boar odor (Claus and Hoppen, 1979). Testosterone is also found in pollen of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris). 

Ivie GW, Holt DL, Ivey MC. Natural toxicants in human foods psoralens in raw and cooked parsnip root. Science 1981 213 909-10. 

During the measurement of linear furanocoumarins in fresh celery (14), relatively high levels of psoralens were randomly observed in some samples. It was then hypothesized that psoralens may function as phytoalexins in celery. The linear furanocoumarin, xanthotoxin, has been previously reported as being a phytoalexin in parsnip root (Pastnaca sativa) (24). 

Parsnips and perhaps celery and parsley contain appreciable levels of the linear furanocoumarins psoralen (17), xan-thotoxin (19), and bergapten (18). Consumption of 100 g of parsnip root would expose an individual to 4-5 mg of these compounds, which are known to be phytotoxic, mutagenic, and photocarcinogenic. Furanocoumarins are not destroyed by normal cooking (Ivie, 1981). 

In addition to the occurrence in carrots, polyacetylenes were also found in numerous other plant species from the Apiaceae family. Recently, parsnip Pastinaca sativa), celeriac Apium graveolens var. rapaceum), and parsley Petroselinum crispum) have been investigated aiming to show the distribution of the individual polyacetylene substances in the roots [22]. The Raman spectra obtained from various areas of the parsnip roots showed distinct signals in the region of 2270-2180 cm , and it was found that the spectral profiles and band positions depend significantly on the localization within the root. 

Ceska, O., Chaudhary, S.K., Warrington, P.J. et al (1986b) Naturally-occurring crystals of photo-carcinogenic furocoumarins on the surface of parsnip roots sold as food. Experientia, 42, 1302-1304. 

Small, shiny black flies lay eggs in small clusters near host plants, starting in late spring. The larvae are creamy-white, up to Vz in (1 cm) long. Pupae, and sometimes larvae, overwinter in soil and roots of carrot and parsnip. There are two or three generations per year, the first causing most damage. 

DC046 Kolattukudy, P. E., K. Kronman, and A. ]. Poulose. Determination of structure and composition of suberin from the roots of carrot, parsnip, rutabaga, turnip, red beet and sweet potato by combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Plant Physiol 1975 55 567. 

The root of parsnip Pastinaca sativa) is eaten boiled or baked. The major classes of compounds identified in raw and cooked parsnip are monoterpenoids, aliphatic sulfur compounds, and 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines [35]. To the best of our knowledge, no investigations have been performed to elucidate the character-impact compounds in parsnip by modern GC-O techniques however, it has been suggested that volatile compounds such as terpinolene, myristicin and 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxypyrazine maybe important contributors to the flavour of parsnip owing to either their high concentrations or their low threshold values, or both [35]. 

Cadmium is present at low concentrations in most foods, with those that are consumed in larger quantities making the largest contribution to the population dietary exposure. Although the concentrations of cadmium in food in the UK are generally low, some foods of minor dietary importance such as shellfish or kidney often contain levels in excess of 0.5 mg/kg. Plant-based foods rarely contain more than 0.2 mg/kg on a fresh weight basis, although some root crops such as carrots and parsnip, and some leafy crops, such as spinach and lettuce, tend to contain more cadmium than other plant foods. This is also true of cereals, which indicates that plants tend to take up cadmium from the soil, unlike lead. 

Uses herbicide to control post-emergent wild oats, wild millets, and other annual grass weeds in wheat, barley, rye, red fescue, and broadleaf weeds in crops such as soybeans, sugar cane, fodder beet, flax, legumes, oilseed rape, sunflowers, clover, lucerne, groundnuts, brassicas, carrots, celery, beet root, parsnips, lettuce, spinach, potatoes, tomatoes, fennel, alliums, herbs, etc. 

Material Various parts especially parsnip-shaped root of perennial plant found in fields and stony places of southern Europe. Usage Brew made from boiling crushed root. 

When he saw me, he stopped work, leaned on his fork, and stared from under his wild eyebrows. He was the darker side of vegetable, the inner leaf of old cabbage, the earthy root of parsnip. He and his clothes had a density that repelled me now that I was grown... 

Table 5-5 depicts uranium levels in various types of food in the United States. Measurements of normal levels of dietary and indicate that foods consumed contain about 0.3-0.5 pCi/day for each uranium isotope (0.6-1.0 pCi/day [0.9-1.5 pg/day] total uranium) (EPA 1985J Welford and Baird 1967). Based on consumption rates, root crops such as potatoes, parsnips, turnips, and sweet potatoes contribute approximately 38% of total dietary intake of uranium (EPA 1985J). 

Parsnips are biennial vegetables grown for their long, white, sweet-flavored roots. Culture is much like that of carrots, except that... 

Parsnip Oil Pastinaca sativa) Yes, parsnips. A root vegetable. But first a little story. 

Synonyms Cicuta maculata, Apiaceae (carrot) family, Cicuta species Cowbane Snakeweed Wild carrot Poison parsnip Spotted hemlock Masquash root Beaver poison False parsley Fever root Wild parsnip... 

Pokeweed contains phytolaccatoxin and related tri-terpenes. All plant parts are poisonous, especially the roots. Uncooked berries have been known to poison children. Toxic exposures have occurred from eating the uncooked leaves in salads or when the root is mistaken for horseradish, parsnip, or ginseng. Effects appear 30 min to 6h after exposure. Symptoms include nausea, abdominal cramps, profuse sweating, and foamy diarrhea. Other effects include oral burning, a bitter taste in the mouth, dyspnea, weakness, tremors, and seizures. One case of Mobitz Type I heart block has been reported after ingesting poke-weed, but is believed to be secondary to parasympathetic effects from prolonged vomiting. Symptoms may last up to 48 h. As few as 10 berries can result in toxic effects. Dermal exposures result in irritation, pain, and the sensation of heat. 

Root uptake has been proven to be an important pathway for contaminants with intermediate octanol-water partitioning coefficients (Aiow)- Variable uptake of an organic compound by different plants has been observed. Plant species such as Daucus carota (carrot) and Pastinaca sativa (parsnip) with swollen storage roots did not translocate chemicals as well as expected from barley experiments. While the lipid content was considered a factor, plant structure, root types, and other properties may all play a role. The effect of the chemical itself was best illustrated by the increasing root concentration factor (RCF) and the bell-shaped transpiration stream concentration factors (TSCF) relative to logAiow- The physiochemical properties of compounds, including the Ko, solubility, and... 

Mandragora has a large, brown root, somewhat like a parsnip, running 3 or 4 deep into the ground, sometimes single and sometimes divided into two or three branches. Immediately from... 

Cicuta Virosa is a perennial herb, which grows up to a height of more than 3. It has a hollow stalk and a thick root stem. This root stem has many small pockets containing a yellow sap with an aroma like celery and a sweet taste like parsnip. The leaves will cluster in 2 and 3 s, surrounded by tiny individual leaflets. The tiny white flowers grow in... 

Amaranthus, Barrenwort, Beets, Birdsfoot, Coffee, Elm-tree, Fleawort, Goutwort, Groundmoss, Hawkweed, Heartsease, Knapweed, Knotgrass, Navelwort, Oakmoss, Pansy, Parsnip, Quince, Rhubarb roots. Rupturewort, Rye, Sassafras, Sciatica-wort. Shepherd s Purse, Sloes, Spinach, Tamarind. 

Deep plowing (8-12 inches with a moldboard plow), if properly done over a period of a few years, will gradually increase the depth of the topsoil. For most field crops, as stated above, this may have little effect but for certain special crops, such as vegetables, there is some evidence that this is beneficial on some soils. Crops, such as carrots, parsnips, and sweet potatoes, that prefer a loose soil, may grow better in a deep topsoil, well-supphed with humus, than in a shallow one. The importance of such deep soils in gardening is still uncertain because most deep plowing experiments have been conducted with field crops, and often in soils where root penetration was not an important factor Needless to say, there is a marked difference in the response of different kinds of plants to the soil environment. 

Vegetables (low-C, less than 2500 mg) bamboo shoots, beets, carrots, celeriac root, celery, corn, cucumber, dandelion greens, eggplant, garlic cloves, horseradish, lettuce, okra, onions (young, mature), parsnips, potatoes, pumpkins, rhubarb, rutabagas, squash (summer, winter), sweet potatoes, green tomatoes, yams. 

Leafy (e.g., cabbages, lettuce) Root (e.g., carrots, parsnips, potatoes, onions, leeks)... 

Nova D., Karmazin M Buben I 1986. Anatomical and chemical discrimination between the roots of vari ous varieties of parsley Petroselinum crispum Mill./A. W. Hill.) and parsnip Pastinaca sativa L. ssp. sativa), Cesko-SlovenskaFarmacie, 35(8). 363-366. 

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