Cicuta virosa

The common hemlock, Conium maculatum, contain five alkaloids. Power and Tutin found a similar mixture in fool s parsley, and a volatile alkaloid resembling coniine i.s stated to occur in certain aroids. According to Svagr, water hemlock Cicuta virosa) owes its poisonous properties to toxin and not to cicutine, a name sometimes used as a synonym for coniine. The toxic properties of hemlock juice have been known ftom very early times thus it was the chief ingredient in the poison administered to criminals by the Greeks. The leaves and the unripe fruits are the parts used in medicine. The following are the names and formulae of the alkaloids —... 

Chondrodendron polyanthum, 371 Chondrodendron tomentosum, 363, 371, 373, 377, 391 alkaloids, 376 Chondrodine, 363, 364 Chondrofoline, 364, 365 Chrycentrine, 172, 313 Chiysanthemine, 773 Chrysanthemum cineraricefoHum, 773 Chuchuara, 781 Chuehuhuasha, 781 Cicuta virosa, 13 Cinchamidine, 419, 429 Cinchene, 439 Cinchenine, 438, 439, 440 apoCinchenine, 440, 441 Cincholoipon, 438 Cincholoiponic acid, 438, 443 Cinchomeronic acid, 183 Cinchona alkaloid structure, synthesis, 457 Cinchona alkaloids, bactericidal action of some derivatives, 478 centres of asymmetry, 445 constitution, 435 formulae and characters of transformation products, 449, 451 general formula, 443 hydroxydihydro-bases, 448, 452-4 melting-points and specific rotations, 446... 

Ohta, T. Uwai, K. Kikuchi, R. Nozoe, S. Oshima, Y. Sasaki, K. Yoshizaki, F. (1999) Absolute stCTeochemistry of cicutoxin and related toxic pofyacetylauc alcohols frran Cicuta virosa. Tetrahedron, 55, 12087-98. 

Cicutoxin offidnalis (valerian) (Valerianacaeae) Cicuta virosa (water hemlock) GABAA-R chloride channel... 

Several polyacetylenes are known to be generally toxic. Thus the plant extract used by the natives of the Lower Amazon Basin as fish poison on their arrow heads contains the tetrahydropyran alcohol 18 as active principle (it also occurs in dahlias ), whilst the high toxicity of the water hemlock (Cicuta virosa L.) is due to cicutoxin (17) . ... 

Cicuta Virosa is a perennial herb, which grows up to a height of more than 3. It has a hollow stalk and a thick root stem. This root stem has many small pockets containing a yellow sap with an aroma like celery and a sweet taste like parsnip. The leaves will cluster in 2 and 3 s, surrounded by tiny individual leaflets. The tiny white flowers grow in... 

Conium Maculatum can grow to be about 6 to 10 tall on long purple stalks and branches. White flower heads resemble those of parsnips, carrots, and water hemlock(Cicuta Virosa)... 

COWBANE Cicuta virosa, L., Family Apiaceae, grows in shallow waters. All parts of the plant, especially the rhizome and lower part of stalk, are poisonous. The lethal dose for adults is one rhizome. The symptoms might appear within minutes to hours with a burning sensation in the mouth and throat, increased secretion of saliva, stomach-ache, vomiting, diarrhoea and fever. 

Toxic principle of Cicuta virosa roots. Cryst. (Et20/pet. 

Constit. of Oenanthe crocata and Cicuta virosa. Cryst. 

Constit. of roots and rhizomes of Cicuta virosa. Yellow cryst. Mp 79 . 

In contrast, certain other acetylenes are highly toxic to humans and domestic animals for instance, the compounds from Cicuta virosa (water hemlock) (10) and Oenanthe cro-cata (9). Relatively small variations in structure lead to nearly nontoxic compounds. Other compounds such as falc-arinol (11) are less toxic to people, but still possess antifungal properties. Compounds of this type occur widely in mem-... 

Gupta RN (1968) Biosynthesis of the piperidine alkaloids. Lloydia 31 318-326 Haupt H (2003) Poisonous and less poisonous plants. Conium maculatum and Cicuta virosa. Kinderkrankenschw 22 495 96... 

Arrhenatherum elatius (var. bulbosum) Cicuta virosa Anthriscus sylvestris Melampyrum arvense Geranium spp. 

The acetylenes oenanthotoxin (110) and cicutoxin (111) (Figure 5.11) isolated from water-hemlock (Cicuta virosa L.), spotted water-hemlock (Cicuta maculata L.), and from the hemlock water dropwort, Oenanthe crocataL. (Apiaceae) (Anet etal. 1953 Konoshima... 

Wittstock, U., Fladacek, F., Wurz, G. et al (1995) Polyacetylenes from water hemlock, Cicuta virosa. PlantaMed., 61,439-145. 

Extreme toxicity for higher animals is associated with several poly acetylenes. Among these are oenanthotoxin (XXIII) and cicutoxin (XXIV), (Anet et aL, 1953) isolated as the active principles of the umbelUferous plants Oenanthe cro-cata (Clarke et al., 1949), and Cicuta virosa (Jacobson, 1915), plants long recognized as sheep poisons. 

---