Papilio

Anise swallowtail butterfly (Papilio zelicans) with its pupal ease. Metamorphosis of butterflies is a dramatie example of metabolie ehange. ( Q 1986 Peter Bryant/Bioto cat Photo Service)... 

CYP6D1 of the housefly (Musca domestica) has been found to hydroxylate cyper-methrin and thereby provide a resistance mechanism to this compound and other pyrethroids in this species (Scott et al. 1998 see also Chapter 12). Also, this insect P450 can metabolize plant toxins such as the linear furanocoumarins xanthotoxin and bergapten (Ma et al. 1994). This metabolic capability has been found in the lepi-dopteran Papilio polyxenes (black swallowtail), a species that feeds almost exclusively on plants containing furanocoumarins. 

Koch, P.B. et al., Insect pigmentation activities of beta-alanyldopamine synthase in wing color patterns of wild-type and melanic mutant swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus, Pigment Cell Res., 13, Suppl 8, 54, 2000. 

Harashima, K., Ohno, T., Sawachika, T., Hidaka, T., and Ohnishi, E. 1972. Carotenoids in orange pupae of the swallowtail, Papilio xuthus. Insect Biochem., 2 29-48. 

Hidaka, T. 1961. Recherches sur le mecanisme endocrine de 1 adaptation chromatique morphologique chez les nymphes de Papilio xuthus. J. Fac. Sci. Tokyo Univ., sec TV, 9 223-261. 

Hidaka, T., Kimura, T., and Onosaka, M. 1959. Experiments on the protective coloration of pupae of the swallowtail, Papilio xuthus L. Doubutsugaku zasshi, 68(6) 222-226. 

Ohnishi, E. 1959. Pigment composition in the pupal cuticles of two colour types of the swallowtails, Papilio xuthus L. and P. pmtenor demetrius Cramer. J. Insect Physiol., 3 132-145. 

FIGURE 25.1 (See color insert following page 336.) Larval butterflies have distinctive coloration patterns (a) Monarch (Danaus plexippus yellow, white, and black), (b) Swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes asterius yellow, black, and green), (c) Queen (Danaus gillipus black, white, and yellow, some red coloration is also observable in this specimen), and (d) Atala (Eurnaceus atala florida red with yellow spots). 

Butterfly larvae (Monarch, Danaus plexippus Queen, Danaus gillipus Eastern Black Swallowtail, Papilio polyxenes asterius and Atala, Eurnaceus atala florida) were collected in South Florida approximately seven to eight days after hatching. The larvae were carefully dissected to remove the gut to prevent the contamination of the epidermis with the intestinal contents. The epidermis was... 

Harashima K., Nakahara J.-I., and Kato G. (1976). Papilioerthrinone A new ketocarotenoid in integuments of orange pupae of a swallowtail, Papilio xuthus, and carapaces of a crab, Paralithodes brevipes (Hanasakigani in Japanese). AgrBiol Chem 40 711-717. 

Oldroyd S. M. (1971). Biochemical investigations on various forms of some Papilio species. Entomologist 104 111-123. 

Yamanaka A., Imai H., Adachi M., Komatsu M., and Islam A. T. M. F. (2004). Hormonal control of orange coloration of diapause pupae in the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus L. (Lepidoptera Papilionidae). Zool Sci 21 1049-1055. 

Most insect herbivores appear to be rather effectively repelled by furanocoumarin-containing plants (21-24). A notable exception to this generalization occurs among some butterflies of the family Paplllonldae, whose caterpillars are adapted to feed successfully and in fact preferentially on plants that contain linear, but not angular, furanocoumarlns (22). These circumstances prompted us to undertake studies with the black swallowtail butterfly (Papilio polyxenes) and radiolabeled furanocoumarlns in attempts to elucidate the nature of the Insect/furanocoumarln Interactions Involved. 

Metabolic Basis for Papilio polyxenes Resistance to Linear Furanocoumarlns... 

Figure 2. Major metabolites of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) in last-stage larvae of the black swallowtail butterfly (Papilio polyxenes) and the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda).

One of the papiliochromes, papiliochrome II (142), isolated from Papilio butterflies, is actually a pair of optical isomers, papiliochromes Ila and lib. Compound 142 is hydrolyzed by treatment with 10 iV HCl to afford l-kynurenine and a new catecholamine (400) (71). Results of acid hydrolysis of the latter with 1 N HCl and the mass and C-NMR spectra suggest that the structure of 400 is iV-P-alanylnoradrenaline, which was proved by chemical synthesis. The C-NMR data indicate that papiliochrome II is represented as structure 142 in which the nitrogen of aromatic amino group of kynurenine is bonded to C-5 of the side chain ofiV-P-alanyldopamine. The existence of optical isomers, Ila and... 

Aris, R., 1977, Num in olla agitata papilio est or, catastrophes and chemical reactors. In Catastrophes and Other Important Matters, University of Minnesota. 

Ono H, Yoshikawa H. Identification of amine receptors from a swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus L. cloning and mRNA localization in foreleg chemosen-sory organ for recognition of host plants. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2004 34 1247-1256. 

T59 Therioaphis maculata, alfalfa aphid,559 Syntermes, termites,560 Papilio, swallowtail butterflies 561... 

The majority of swallowtail butterflies of the genus Papilio (family Papilionidae) exclusively utilize plants of the family Rutaceae as hosts, with a few species exploiting limited plant species of the families Apiaceae or Lauraceae. The North American black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes, a specialist on members of carrot family (Apiaceae), has already been shown to lay eggs in response to a mixture of two chemotactile stimulants, luteolin 7-0-(6"-0-malonyl)-/3-D-glucoside and trawr-chlorogenic acid, identified from one of its major host plants, Daucus carota (wild carrot). Further study revealed that the oviposition response by the butterfly to another host plant, Pastinaca sativa (wild parsnip), was evoked by a combination of tyramine (1), trans-chlorogenic acid, and a neutral fraction from the plant.4... 

For species whose larvae are specialist feeders, finding suitable plants for oviposition is of great importance. Com earworm moths, Heliothis armigera, will oviposit on twine impregnated with an extract of com silk (15.). The rice stemborer, Chilo oleiadellus. female will be attracted to and oviposit near a component of rice plants identified as p-methylacetophenone (16). Some of these oviposition attractants are contact materials and, thus, are probably of no use in practical applications. This is the case for many of the butterflies of the Nymphalid family. The Indian butterfly, Papilio demoleus. seems to require some non-volatile component in citrus leaves to induce oviposition, although it seems to be attracted, at least partially, to the odor of the leaves (17.). 

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