Wild parsnip

Source Methanol occurs naturally in small-flowered oregano (5 to 45 ppm) (Baser et al., 1991), Guveyoto shoots (700 ppb) (Baser et al., 1992), orange juice (0.8 to 80 ppm), onion bulbs, pineapples, black currant, spearmint, apples, jimsonweed leaves, soybean plants, wild parsnip, blackwood, soursop, cauliflower, caraway, petitgrain, bay leaves, tomatoes, parsley leaves, and geraniums (Duke, 1992). 

There is some evidence for induction in pasture plants. A furanocoumarin, isopimpinellin, increases in floral stands of wild parsnip, Pastinaca sattva, after clipping that simulates herbivory (Nitao, 1988). 

Berenbaum, M. (1981). Patterns of furanocoumarin production and insect herbivory in a population of wild parsnip Pastinaca sativa L.). Oecologia 49,236-244. 

Berenbaum MR, Zangerl AR. (1986). Variation In seed furanocoumarln content within the wild parsnip Pastinaca sativa. Phytochemistry, 25, 659-61. 

Coniine is a poison found in the spotted hemlock, Conium maculatum. This type of hemlock is found commonly throughout the United States and the world, including SLO County. White disperse flowers on a long purple stalk are routinely mistaken for its nontoxic look-alike - the edible wild parsnip. It was a hemlock brew which Socrates... 

Zangerl, A.R. and Berenbaum, M.R., Furanocoumarins in wild parsnip effects of photosynthetically active radiation, ultraviolet light, and nutrients, Ecology, 68, 516, 1987. 

Uses herbicide to control post-emergent wild oats, wild millets, and other annual grass weeds in wheat, barley, rye, red fescue, and broadleaf weeds in crops such as soybeans, sugar cane, fodder beet, flax, legumes, oilseed rape, sunflowers, clover, lucerne, groundnuts, brassicas, carrots, celery, beet root, parsnips, lettuce, spinach, potatoes, tomatoes, fennel, alliums, herbs, etc. 

Mercury wild carrot, caraway, dill, hazelnut, horehound, lavender, lily, liquorice, marjoram, oats, parsley, parsnip, savory, honeysuckle, valerian. 

The majority of swallowtail butterflies of the genus Papilio (family Papilionidae) exclusively utilize plants of the family Rutaceae as hosts, with a few species exploiting limited plant species of the families Apiaceae or Lauraceae. The North American black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes, a specialist on members of carrot family (Apiaceae), has already been shown to lay eggs in response to a mixture of two chemotactile stimulants, luteolin 7-0-(6"-0-malonyl)-/3-D-glucoside and trawr-chlorogenic acid, identified from one of its major host plants, Daucus carota (wild carrot). Further study revealed that the oviposition response by the butterfly to another host plant, Pastinaca sativa (wild parsnip), was evoked by a combination of tyramine (1), trans-chlorogenic acid, and a neutral fraction from the plant.4... 

When he saw me, he stopped work, leaned on his fork, and stared from under his wild eyebrows. He was the darker side of vegetable, the inner leaf of old cabbage, the earthy root of parsnip. He and his clothes had a density that repelled me now that I was grown... 

Synonyms Cicuta maculata, Apiaceae (carrot) family, Cicuta species Cowbane Snakeweed Wild carrot Poison parsnip Spotted hemlock Masquash root Beaver poison False parsley Fever root Wild parsnip... 

In a genetically based series of experiments, seed production of the tall morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea, was used as a measure of fimess. No observable reduction in fitness was observed in the presence of the herbivore sweet potato flea beetle, Chaetocnema confinis (Siimns and Rausher, 1987). On the other hand, the magnitude of cost of production of furocoumarins in the wild parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, in terms of umbel production, is significant (Berenbaum et al., 1986). 

Berenbaum, M. R., A. R. Zangerl, and J. K. Nitao, Constraints on chemical coevolution Wild parsnip and the parsnip webworm. Evolution, 40, 1215-1228 (1986). 

MacKinlay R (1938) Vesicular dermatitis due to wild parsnip. JR Army Med Corps 71 401-404... 

Often what is called a wild plant, and an unfamiliar food source to most, was however, very familiar to the natives of a land. When colonists arrived in the New World, very few Indians had gardens or cultivated crops. Instead, most of them supplemented their diets by collecting edible wild plants with which they were familiar. Instead of the potatoes, carrots, radishes, parsnips, beets, and turnips known today, Indians relied on wild roots and tuljers. They also collected various nuts, fruits, greens, and seeds. In some areas, natives still depend upon edible wild plants for food, and at times a distinction between wild and domesticated is difficult... 

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