Papilio xuthus

Harashima, K., Ohno, T., Sawachika, T., Hidaka, T., and Ohnishi, E. 1972. Carotenoids in orange pupae of the swallowtail, Papilio xuthus. Insect Biochem., 2 29-48. 

Hidaka, T. 1961. Recherches sur le mecanisme endocrine de 1 adaptation chromatique morphologique chez les nymphes de Papilio xuthus. J. Fac. Sci. Tokyo Univ., sec TV, 9 223-261. 

Hidaka, T., Kimura, T., and Onosaka, M. 1959. Experiments on the protective coloration of pupae of the swallowtail, Papilio xuthus L. Doubutsugaku zasshi, 68(6) 222-226. 

Ohnishi, E. 1959. Pigment composition in the pupal cuticles of two colour types of the swallowtails, Papilio xuthus L. and P. pmtenor demetrius Cramer. J. Insect Physiol., 3 132-145. 

Harashima K., Nakahara J.-I., and Kato G. (1976). Papilioerthrinone A new ketocarotenoid in integuments of orange pupae of a swallowtail, Papilio xuthus, and carapaces of a crab, Paralithodes brevipes (Hanasakigani in Japanese). AgrBiol Chem 40 711-717. 

Yamanaka A., Imai H., Adachi M., Komatsu M., and Islam A. T. M. F. (2004). Hormonal control of orange coloration of diapause pupae in the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus L. (Lepidoptera Papilionidae). Zool Sci 21 1049-1055. 

Ono H, Yoshikawa H. Identification of amine receptors from a swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus L. cloning and mRNA localization in foreleg chemosen-sory organ for recognition of host plants. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2004 34 1247-1256. 

None of the components stimulated oviposition in Papilio xuthus alone regardless of the concentration and the combination must be entirely specific to the host plant (20-21). Consequently, in these cases it is possible for the plant to maintain the exact composition of the mixture and the interval of release. Furthermore, other organisms have apparently been evolutionarily selected to recognize a set series of metabolites. 

C21H26N4O6, Mr 430.46, yellow powder. P. II is a pigment in the wings of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus and other Papilio species, it is composed of l- kynurenine, noradrenaline, and /S-alanine. The yellow color is due to a charge-transfer interaction between the two aromatic rings. 

Four flavonoids [vicenin-2, hesperidin (60), narimtin, and rutin (35)] from Citrus unshiu are oviposition stimulants for Papilio xuthus (Nishida et al., 1987 Ohsugi et al., 1985). However, these compounds are only weakly active alone or in mixtures. When mixed with two bases, adenosine and 5-hydroxy-A-methyltryptamine, which are inactive by themselves, 100% of the activity of the plant was observed (Harbome, 1988b). 

C-Glycosylflavones have been isolated as probing stimulants of planthoppers feeding on rice plants, and vicenin-2 is an oviposition stimulant of Papilio xuthus (Chopin and Dellamonica, 1988). Vitexin deters feeding of Schizaphis gramimm and Myzus persicae on wheat (Chopin and Dellamonica, 1988). Maysin (71) (Fig. 11.14), a C-glycoside from com, Zea mays, is toxic to the com earworm (Waiss et al., 1979). 

Nishida R, Ohsugi T, Kokubo S, Fukami H (1987) Ovipositirai stimulants of a citrus-feeding swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus L. Expeiientia 43 342—344... 

Wald G (1939) On the distribution of vitamins Ai and A2. J Gen Physiol 22 391-415 Dowling JE (1960) The chemistry of dark adaptation. Nature 168 114-118 Vogt K (1983) Is the fly visual pigment a rhodopsin Z Naturforsch Sect C Bioscience 38 329-333 Shimazaki Y, Eguchi E (1995) Light-dependent metabolic pathway of 3-hydroretinoids in the eye of a butterfly Papilio xuthus. J Comp Physiol 176 661-671... 

Kitamoto J, Sakamoto K, Ozaki K, Mishina Y, Arikawa K (1998) Two visual pigments in a single photoreceptor cell identification and histological localization of three mRNAs encoding visual pigment opsins in the retinal of the butterfly Papilio Xuthus. J Exp Biol 301 1255-1261... 

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