Paper worldwide

Today, the total consumption of carbonless copying paper worldwide is estimated to be 2 million tons. The major use for carbonless copying paper is in continuous business forms processed by computer. 

World population has more than doubled from 2.5 x 10 in 1950 to 6.2 X 10 in 2002. The per capita consumption of paper worldwide was 18 kg in 1950 and 53 kg in 2002, an increase of 294%. Thus the relative consumption of paper per capita has increased considerably faster than the world population. It is obvious that these average global values do not reflect the substantial regional differences. 

Table 2.1 Development of consumption of pulps and paper worldwide (according to Jaakko Poyry, World Paper Markets up to 2010).

Figure 7.29 illustrates the relative positions of coated, mechanical pulp dominating papers in basis weight and brightness. Figures 7.30 and 7.31 present typical end uses for coated mechanical papers and for coated fine papers worldwide. 

J. G. Sikonia, B. R. Shah, and M. A. Ulowet2, "Technical and Economic Assessment of Petroleum, Heavy OH, Shale Oil and Coal Liquid Refining," paper presented at Sjnfuels 3rd Worldwide Symposium, Washington, D.C., Nov. 1—3,1983. 

The principal use of CD-ROM and WORM disks is essentially substitution of data storage on paper or microfiche. Conservative estimates number the worldwide use for data storage by paper at 91%, microfiche at 4%, and in electronic media at 5%, of which 4% are magnetic and 1% optical media (18). CD-ROM is being used as an electronic counterpart to print media the WORM disk presents itself more and more as a substitute for paper to store archivable, forgery-proof documents. 

Whereas the worldwide production of 2inc oxide [1314-13-2] is estimated to be around 500,000 t aimuaHy, only about 75,000—100,000 t are used for pigmentary appHcations by the paint industry. About 250,000 t are consumed by the mbber industry, and the rest is used in the production of plastics, paper, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, ceramics, and glass (see Zinc compounds). 

The aluminum containing compound having the largest worldwide market, estimated to be over 30 x 10 t in 1990, is metal grade alumina. Second, is aluminum hydroxide. In 1990 the market for Al(OH)2 should approach or exceed 3.5 million metric tons which is equivalent to 2.3 million tons on an alumina basis. The spHt between additive and feedstock appHcations for Al(OH)2 (16) is roughly 50 50. Additive appHcations include those as flame retardants (qv) in products such as carpets, and to enhance the properties of paper (qv), plastic, polymer, and mbber products. Significant quantities are also used in pharmaceuticals (qv), cosmetics (qv), adhesives (qv), poHshes (qv), dentifrices (qv), and glass (qv). 

Aluminum sulfate has largely replaced alums for the major appHcations as a sizing agent in the paper industry and as a coagulant to clarify municipal and industrial water suppHes. In terms of worldwide production, it ranks third behind alumina and aluminum hydroxide, with markets in excess of 3 x 10 t/yr (19). 

Sodium aluminate is used in water purification, in the paper industry, for the after treatment of Ti02 pigment, and in the manufacture of aluminum containing catalysts and zeoHte. Worldwide markets are in the range of 125,000 t/yr (19). 

Canadian consumption of recovered paper is about 4 million t/yr, much of it imported from the United States. Paper recycling continues to grow worldwide, particularly in Europe and the Pacific Rim. Worldwide use of recycled paper is expected to increase from nearly 75 million tons in 1988 to 130 million tons in 2001 (58). 

J. Shepherd, paper presented to the Aquaculture Feed and Veterinary Products Worldwide Business Opportunities forFeed, Pharmaceutical, and Chemical Companies Conference, Stamford, Coim., June 6—8, 1990. 

Thousands of technical papers and many books have been written on the subject of phenolic resins. The polymer is used in hundreds of diverse applications and in very large volumes. It is used worldwide. In fact the term phenolic resin encompasses a wide variety of materials based on a broad range of phenols and co-monomers. In this short article, we cannot expect complete coverage. Our hope is that we can provide an understanding of the fundamental chemistries, uses, and values of these materials as well as enough references to permit the interested reader to begin his own exploration of the topic. 

Thomas, G. O. 1998. Explosion Arrester Testing State of the Draft European Standard. Paper presented at the 3rd Worldwide Seminar on Explosion Phenomena and Application of Explosion Protection Techniques m Practice, February 8-12, 1998, Europex, Ghent, Belgium. 

We can take as an example worldwide papermaking that now consumes forests at a rate that is supposedly difficult to replace. Unlike the uses for wood, which are generally long-term use goods, most wood pulp paper is used for newspapers, business world, and periodicals or publications that are read and usually discarded, loading our solid waste disposal system and adding mountains to our trash. 

Union Carbide Corp produced the first of the synthetic papers in the late 1960s. Since that time other examples of synthetic papers include DuPont s Tyvek nonwoven paper and Van Leer s Valeron cross-laminated film. This market is now dominated by a few large, worldwide ventures with proprietary processing techniques that extend the use of single and multilayer extruded blown film or cast film. 

Comparison of estimated worst-case exposure of human consumers (adults and children) indicates a cause for concern from the use of organotins in silicone baking papers, although information from industry indicates that this use of organotins has been discontinued worldwide. 

Fuel industry is of increasing importance because of the rapidly growing energy needs worldwide. Many processes in fuel industry, e.g. fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) [1], pyrolysis and hydrogenation of heavy oils [2], Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis [3,4], methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis [5,6], are all carried out in multiphase reactors. The reactors for these processes are very large in scale. Unfortunately, they are complicated in design and their scale-up is very difflcult. Therefore, more and more attention has been paid to this field. The above mentioned chemical reactors, in which we are especially involved like deep catalytic pyrolysis and one-step synthesis of dimethyl ether, are focused on in this paper. 

The 138 submitted papers were selected in the following marmer. From a total of 521 submitted two-page abstracts, 156 were identified by peer review and evaluation of the Program Committee to be expanded into 10-page (maximum) camera-ready manuscripts. Submitted manuscripts were then peer-reviewed by at least two experts in the field according to standards comparable to those used for archival journals. Diversity in country origin was also considered, and an attempt was made to minimize multiple publications for individual research groups. Consequently, the 138 papers included herein should be considered as peer-reviewed publications that represent the worldwide state-of-the-art in catalysis research. 

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