Paper FTIR analysis

M. Reeder, W. Enlow and E. Borkowski, Factors Influencing the FTIR Analysis of Phosphites in Polyolefins, Technical Paper FI 81, GE Specialty Chemicals, General Electric Company, Parkersburg, WV (1989). 

In this paper, the chemical adsorption of NH3, using pulses, has been studied by combining the results of calorimetric measurement of heat released (in a differential scanning calorimeter) with the measurement of desorbed amount of base (by FTIR analysis of desorbed gases). In this way, the differential adsorption heat, representative of the aridity strength distribution of the deactivated catalyst, is obtained and the restrictions inherent to other techniques, which are affected by the measurement of coke degradation products, are avoided. 

Preliminary analysis of the ESCA results (13) from irradiated and unirradiated PNF shows that the nitrogen/carbon (N/C) and the phosphorus/ carbon (P/C) ratios remain relatively constant in the 0-, 1-, and 24-h irradiated samples. However, the fluorine/carbon (F/C) ratio increases continuously (0 < 1 < 24), and the oxygen/carbon (O/C) ratios of the O- and 1-h irradiated samples are essentially the same, but slightly smaller than the O/C ratio in the 24-h irradiated sample. A more detailed analysis of this data, as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the PNF s, will be presented in a collateral paper (10). 

This paper outlines procedures used in the identification of typical PVC formulations, starting with the resin and proceeding to impact modifier, process aids, lubricants, stabiliser system and fillers. The emphasis is on FTIR microscopy as the most versatile approach requiring small samples and minimal to no sample preparation. Other commonly used FTIR techniques are also outlined. Wet separation protocols, applicability and limitations as related to FTIR analysis are discussed. Typical examples include vinyl siding, packaging and bottle formulations as well as contaminants often encountered in these formulations and raw materials. 

Abstract— This paper describes an approach for texture characterization based on nonseparable quincunx wavelet decomposition transforms and its application for the discrimination of visually similar ultrasound renal stone images. The proposed feature extraction method applies quincunx wavelet transform and calculation of second order (GLCM) and FFT parameter form LL and HH part of decomposed image. This Characterization is experimented on a set of one hundred and twelve (112) different stones, which also validated with FTIR analysis in standard laboratory. It shows that GLCM, FFT transform evaluation in combination with quincunx wavelet decomposition could be a reliable method for a texture characterization. 

Yang et al. [389] rapidly distinguished compounds extracted from paper, using on-line SFE-SFC-FHR in conjunction with principal component analysis. The quantitative determination of the surfactant mixture Triton X-100 and other complex oligoether surfactants by means of cSFC-FTIR flow-cells has been reported [390,391]. Practical applications of SFC-FTIR include the determination of nonvolatile compounds from microwave-susceptible packaging that may migrate into heated food. Another application is the analysis of fibre finishes on fibre/textile matrices. 

It has been shown in this paper particularly that the FTIR spectroscopy can identify radicals and chemical reactions, and by their potential and concentration dependence give considerable information upon the mechanism of reactions and the detailed mechanism of electrochemical reactions, including their ratedetermining step. The analysis of intermediate radicals has always been a need in electrochemical research, and is clearly now here. 

The next section of this paper describes the use of classical least-squares analysis of FTIR data to determine coal mineralogy. This is followed by promising preliminary results obtained using factor analysis techniques. 

Specific areas where FTIR has provided valuable information include quantitative analysis of active material impurity identification in technical material analysis of volatile components from formulated material and the identification of metabolites. In this paper, we will discuss the results from these studies and describe some of the problems we encountered. We will also discuss some of the new developments in FTIR that might prove useful in pesticide analysis. 

Abstract. Gas interstitial fullerenes was produced by precipitation of C6o from the solution in 1,2 dichlorobenzene saturated by O2, N2, or Ar. The structure and chemical composition of the fullerenes was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, thermal desorption mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetric and chemical analysis. The images of fullerene microcrystals were analyzed by SEM equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) attachment. Thermal desorption mass spectroscopy and EDS analysis confirmed the presence of Ar, N and O in C60 specimens. From the diffraction data it has been shown that fullerite with face centered cubic lattice was formed as a result of precipitation. The lattice parameter a was found to enhance for precipitated fullerene microcrystals (a = 14.19 -14.25 A) in comparison with that for pure C60 (a = 14.15 A) due to the occupation of octahedral interstices by nitrogen, oxygen or argon molecules. The phase transition temperature and enthalpy of transition for the precipitated fullerene microcrystals decreased in comparison with pure Cgo- Low temperature wet procedure described in the paper opens a new possibility to incorporate chemically active molecules like oxygen to the fullerene microcrystals. 

The measurement of acidity in paper documents with cold- and hot-water extraction frequently distorts and damages the paper fibers and printing inks. Many paper conservators and museum curators have long desired a reliable and rapid method for the detection of acidity of paper documents in a nondestructive manner so that they can determine the acidity routinely to screen out valuable book documents for deacidification or other necessary preservation treatments. The objective of this chapter is to introduce two spectroscopic techniques, namely, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), for chemical analysis of paper surfaces. The effectiveness of these techniques in analyzing and determining the presence of acidic functional groups on paper documents is demonstrated. 

In the past, although FTIR and ESCA were known to offer a great deal of information on specific chemical functional groups of surfaces, little application was made of these analytical tools in the field of conservation and restoration science and technology. A survey of instrumental analysis citations since 1953 in the conservation literature showed that only one FTIR work was published in Studies in Conservation in 1977 and two ESCA papers were published in Archaeometry in 1976. None appeared in Arts and Archaeology Technical Abstracts (AATA). 

Section 3.2.1) and then subjected to a simple extraction procedure, followed by microscope FTIR spectroscopy directly on the extract. In this approach, the blotter acid is first soaked in water for 1 s, which swells the fibres of the papers and was found to facilitate the extraction of the drug for further spectroscopic analysis. The excess water was then removed from the blotter, which was subsequently placed on a KBr disc and heated to 120°C for 1 min. Dichloromethane/ammonia (100 1) was added to the blotter, which dissolved the LSD. The solution was then removed by using a microsyringe, placed on a KBr disc, and its spectrum recorded. 

Sommer AJ, Lang PL, Miller BS, Katon JE (1988) Application of molecular microspcctroscopy to paper chemistry. Prac Spectrosc 6 (Infrared Microspectrosc) 245-258 Sweeney KM (1989) FTIR microscopy of pulp and paper samples. Tappi J 72(2) 171-174 Wetzel DL (1983) Near-infrared reflectance analysis. Anal Chem 55 1165A-1176A Williams P, Norris K (1987) Near-infrared technology in the agricultural and food industries. 

Halophenols constitute the simplest structural model for the analysis of an intramolecular hydrogen bond since the syn-anti isomerization involves only the rotation of the OH proton around the single C—O bond. Furthermore, the two forms coexist in apolar solvents and give two characteristic absorptions in the OH stretching region of the IR spectrum with the notable exception of the fluoro derivative. In a series of papers Okuyama and Ikawa ° "° have re-examined by FTIR the relative stability of the syn-anti isomers by varying the temperature and the pressure. The enthalpies of isomerization are reported in Table 10. 

In future studies, we propose to add to the contact angle measurements (which probe only 5-10 A of the layer) XPS and FTIR spectroscopy analysis, in order to understand the kinetics of the reaction in the interior of the pulsed plasma polymer thin film. Once quantitative elucidation of the reactivity of the pulsed plasma polymer thin film has been fuUy accomplished, adhesion strength measurements will be performed and correlations between adhesion parameters and thermodynamic parameters wiU be explored. This wiU be the subject of a further paper. 

The analysis of surface species by infrared spectroscopy has been developed during the past five decades, but good quahty spectra have only become widely available with the advent of modem FTIR spectrometers 30 years ago. Because the equipment is relatively inexpensive and the technique is highly informative, there are already thousands of papers focused on or including infrared surface characterization. Even when an investigation is addressing another problem, usually the spectmm of the sample in the OH region is described. 

The most recent and most comprehensive study of synthetic paints using Py-GC/MS was undertaken by T. Learner from the Tate GaUery (London). This article on the analysis of synthetic resins found in 20th-century paint media was published in 1995. There he described the use of two methods, Py-GC/MS and FTIR, for the characterization of 20th-century synthetic resins. In his latest paper, Learner substantially broadens the set of resins, using not just artistic synthetic paints, but also paints intended for other, more commercial or industrial markets, since many modem and contemporary artists used this type of material for their oeuvre (for example, Willem de Kooning, Francis Picabia, Pablo Picasso, Jackson Pollock, and Frank Stella to name just a few). 

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