Near-infrared reflectance analysis

Mark, H., "Normalized distances for Qualitative Near-Infrared Reflectance Analysis", Anal. Chem. 1986 (58) 379-384. 

M.A. Dempster, B.F. MacDonald, P.J. Gemperline and N.R. Boyer, A near-infrared reflectance analysis method for the non invasive identification of film-coated and non-film-coated, blister-packed tablets. Anal. Chim. Acta, 310 (1995) 43-51. 

R. Gimet and A.T. Luong, Quantitative determination of polymorphic forms in a formulation matrix using the near infrared reflectance analysis technique, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 5, 205-211 (1987). 

Near Infrared Reflectance Analysis (NIRA) is in use at over 5000 sites for the analysis of multiple constituents in food and other products. The technology is based upon correlation transform spectroscopy, which combines NIR spectrophotometry and computerized analysis of a "learning set" of samples to obtain calibrations without the need for detailed spectroscopic knowledge of factors being analyzed. The computer can obtain spectral characteristics of the analyte (based upon a correlation with data from an accepted reference analysis) without separation of the sample s constituents. 

Siesler HW, Ozaki Y, Kawata S, Heise HM. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Principles, Instruments and Applications. Weinheim, Germany Wiley, 2002. Wetzel DL. Near Infrared reflectance analysis Sleeper among the spectroscopic techniques. Anal Chem 1983 55(12) 1165A-1175A. 

McDonald BF, Pebble KA. Some application of near-infrared reflectance analysis in the pharmaceutical industry. J Pharma Biomed Anal 1993 11(11-12) 1077-1085. 

Wetzel DL. Near infrared reflectance analysis sleeper among the spectroscopic techniques. Anal Chem 1983 55(12) 1165A-1175A. 

Near-infrared reflectance analysis is particularly well suited to chemical sensing because it operates on "as is" samples and yet has chemical specificity. The absorptions observed originate from vibrations of a relatively few chemical groups whose overtones and combination bands appear in the near infrared region. 

Comparison of Near-Infrared Reflectance Analysis with Classical Spectroscopic Techniques... 

Proc. of the Seventh International Symposium on Near-Infrared Reflectance Analysis, Technicon Industrial Systems, Tarrytown, NY. July 1984. 

Wetzel, D. L., Levin, J. A. and Posner, E. S. "On-Line Process Monitoring Hardware Software and Economics". Proc. of the Eighth International Symposium on Near Infrared Reflectance Analysis, Technicon Industrial Systems,... 

Gimet, R. Luong, A.T., Quantitative Determination of Polymorphic Forms in a Formulation Matrix Using the Near Infrared Reflectance Analysis Technique /. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 1987, 5, 205-211. 

For all of the above reasons, studies of relationships between mineral sites and mineral reactivity would be simplified, and the confidence in the findings increased, if statistically testable methods were to be used to identify key variables and to test hypotheses. Near infrared reflectance analysis (NIRA) is such a method. It was developed by Karl Norris in the 1960 s to quantitate the concentration of key constituents in multicomponent mixtures such as wheat (22). 

Hirschfeld T. Stark, E. In Near Infrared Reflectance Analysis of Foodstuffs. Chapter on Analysis of Foods and Beverages Academic Press New... 

Sommer AJ, Lang PL, Miller BS, Katon JE (1988) Application of molecular microspcctroscopy to paper chemistry. Prac Spectrosc 6 (Infrared Microspectrosc) 245-258 Sweeney KM (1989) FTIR microscopy of pulp and paper samples. Tappi J 72(2) 171-174 Wetzel DL (1983) Near-infrared reflectance analysis. Anal Chem 55 1165A-1176A Williams P, Norris K (1987) Near-infrared technology in the agricultural and food industries. 

Lodder, R.A. Selby, M. Hieftje, G.M. Detection of capsule tampering by near-infrared reflectance analysis. Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 1921-1930. 

Corti, P. Dreassi, E. Near infrared reflectance analysis features and applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. Farmaco. 1993, 48 (1), 3-20. 

Mark, H.L. Tunnell, D. Qualitative near-infrared reflectance analysis using mahalanobis distances. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 1449-1456. 

Ciurczak, E.W. Torhni, R.P. Demkowicz, M.P. Determination of particle size of pharmaceutical raw materials using near-infrared reflectance analysis. Spectroscopy 1986, 1, 36-39. 

R. G. Whitfield, Near-Infrared Reflectance Analysis of Pharmaceutical Products, Pharm. Manuf., April, 31-40, (1986). 

Whitfield, R. G. Near-infrared reflectance analysis of pharmaceutical products. Pharm. 

A. Picarelli, M. Greco, F. Di Giovambattista, A. Ramazzotti, C. Cedrone, E. Coarzziari, and A. Torsoli. Quantitative determination of faecal fat, nitrogen and water by means of a spectrophotometric technique near infrared reflectance analysis (NIRA). Assessment of its accuracy and reproducibility compared with chemical methods. Clin. Chim. Acta 234 147 (1995). 

Due to the absorption bands in NIR being weaker than in UV-Vis absorption, NIR spectrometry is not as useful for quantitative measurements but offers better qualitative analysis because of improved selectivity. NIR techniques can handle both liquid and solid samples. Near infrared reflectance analysis (NIRA) has found wide application in process analysis, especially for highly absorbing compounds such as foodstuffs Coal, grain, pulp and paper products and some pharmaceuticals can also be determined by NIRA ". The reflectance from the sample is reported relative to reflectance from a standard reference surface. 

In contrast to the well-known difficulties of traditionally applied quantitative IR spectroscopy of mixtures in solid (powdered) samples, the near-infrared reflectance analysis (NIRA) technique [32] has gained importance over the last decade and can now be implemented on a variety of commercially available Instruments In a number of applications to Industrial, agricultural and pharmaceutical analyses. Both the NIRA instruments equipped with grating monochromators and those fitted with filter systems feature built—In microprocessors with software suited to the Intrinsic characteristics of this spectroscopic alternative. Filter Instruments generate raw optical data for only a few wave-... 

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