Palm olein fatty acids

P. is used predominantly in food. Refined oil and palm stearin are common in the manufacture of margarine and shortenings, while the liquid palm olein is used in frying fats and shortenings. Technical palm oil fatty acids, obtained by - hydrolysis, contain 50% palmitic and 40% oleic acid. Technical uses are in - soap production and in metal tempering (- metal processing). 

A nonaqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NARP-HPLC) with refractive index (RI) detection was described and used for palm olein and its fractions obtained at 12.5°C for 12-24 h by Swe et al. (101). The objective of their research was to find the optimum separation for analysis of palm olein triglycerides by NARP-HPLC, and to find a correction factor to be used in calculating CN and fatty acid composition (FAC). The NARP-HPLC method used to determine the triglyceride composition was modified from the method of Dong DiCesare (88). Palm olein was melted completely at 70°C in an oven for 30 min prior to crystal-... 

Fatty acid Arachis oil Babassu oil Coconut oil Cottonseed oil Grapeseed oil Maize oil Mustardseed oil Palm oil Palm kernel oil Palm olein... 

Refining of Other Palm Products. Beside crude palm oil, crude palm olein, crude palm stearin, cmde kernel oil, crude palm kernel olein, and crude palm kernel stearin can also be refined by either chemical or physical processes described before. The basic unit operations and processing conditions for crude palm olein and stearin are similar to those of palm oil. However, in refining palm kernel products, due to the virtual absence of carotenoids, the earth dosage required in the bleaching stage is lower, usually less than 1.0%. Furthermore, due to the presence of shorter chain (C8-C14) fatty acids, the deodorization temperature required is about 230-250°C. Typical achievable quality of RBD/NBD palm kernel oil is given in Table 34. 

By-products. Chemical Refining. The neutralization of free fatty acid in the crude pahn oil with caustic soda results in the formation of soapstock, which is treated with dilute sulfuric acid of pH 2.0-3.5 at 110-130°C for 30 min. A by-product called palm acid oil is then separated from the aqueous phase by centrifugation followed by hot-water washing. It consists mainly of free fatty acids, neutral oil, and partial glycerides. A small amount of unsaponifiable matter is also present. Characteristics and properties of palm acid oil (derived from chemical refining of crude pahn oil, stearin, and olein) are given in Table 35 (55). 

The incorporation of C16-C18 and C12-C14 fatty acids in soaps is important as they provide the cleaning, solubility, and foaming properties required. Tallow and coconut oil have been the traditional sources of these fatty acids. A comparison between the fatty acid composihons of palm oh, pahn stearin, tallow, palm kernel oil, palm kernel oleins, and coconut oil (Table 41) indicates that the first three are rich in C16-C18 fatty acids while pahn kernel and coconut oils are rich in C12-C14 fatty acids. However, for pahn products to establish a niche in the market as raw materials, soap manufacturers have to be convinced that apart from price competitiveness, they will yield soaps with properties and performance comparable if not superior to those from tallow and coconut oil. 

Majority of fatty acids exist in the form of glycerol ester and these constitute a major esterified to glycerol fraction of fats of oils. As an example, in palm oil, the natural mixture of fatty acids is separated into two fractions, namely olein, which contains the lowest possible amount of saturated fatty acids, and stearin, which contains the lowest possible amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Independent of the process of separation employed, the starting mixture of fatty acids or feed stock should meet certain specifications. A high-quality product with undamaged fatty acids (e.g., less oxidation, minimum isomerization) and fatty acids in the form of mono-, di-, or triacylglycerols, or salts of fatty acids with minimum amount of impurities is necessary for the feed stock (1). 

Diacylglycerols are produced in the fmit palm after harvest. The fruits are required to be processed within 24 hours after the harvest in order to control hydrolysis of the oil in the fruit by lipase. This guideline cannot be followed by all palm oil processors during the peak harvest season. As the trading rule for palm oil allows 5% free fatty acids in crude palm oil and 0.25% free fatty acid in neutralized palm olein (58), there is no incentive for the common palm oil processors in producing oils with lower free fatty acids. Commercially available palm oil and palm... 

Some palm oil processing companies in Malaysia are producing and exporting fully processed palm oil and palm olein with low free fatty acids, diacylglycerols, phosphorus, and trace metals. They guarantee the delivered quality for the oil. These oils have shown excellent frying stability. 

Table 3.4 Fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of palm olein...

Palm oil contains almost equal proportions of saturated (palmitic 48%, stearic 4%, and myristic 1%) and unsaturated acids (oleic 37% and linoleic 10%). The oil can be fractionated to give palm stearin, palm olein, and palm mid fraction. It is used mainly for food purposes but has some nonfood uses. Valuable by-products obtained from palm oil are carotene, tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E), and palm-fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Palm kernel oil is lauric oil, similar in composition to coconut oil (lauric acid 50% and myristic acid 16%) and contains palmitic acid (8%), capric acid (3%), caprilic acid (3%), stearic acid (2.5%), oleic acid (15%), and linoleic acid (2.5%). ... 

Crude pahn kernel oil (CPKO) which is derived from the kernel of the oil palm fruit consists of large amounts of saturated fatty acids such as lauric acid (C12 0) [ 48 %], myristic acid (C14 0) [ 16 %], and palmitic acid (C16 0) [ 8 %] (Loo et al. 2005). However, the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic (C18 2) [ 2 %] is very low. It contrast, palm oil products derived from mesocarp such as crude palm oil (CPO) and palm olein (PO) are mainly composed of C16 0 and contain more unsaturated fatty adds such as oleic acid (C18 l), (C18 2) and trace quantities of Hnolenic add (C18 3) (Loo et al. 2005). Compared to palm oil products, soybean oil is rich in unsaturated fatty adds with C18 2 (54 %), C18 l (22 %), and C18 3 (8 %) as the major constituents while 10 % of the distributions are contributed from saturated fatty adds (Kahar et al. 2004 Loo et al. 2005). Nevertheless, soybean oil has proven to be a good carbon source for high cell density cultures. Since, CPKO contains lesser unsatuiated fatty adds, it conld become potential carbon feedstock for high cell density PHA prodnction. 

CPO crude palm oil, PAO palm acid oil, CPKO crude palm kernel oil, PKAO pahn kernel acid oil, PFAD palm fatty acid distillate, PS palm stearin, PO palm olein, WFPO waste frying palm oil Source Unitata Ltd. Gunstone 2002 Shahidi 2005 Lertsathapornsuk et al. 2008)... 

Fatty acid Red palm oil Palm olein Super olein Super stearin... 

Table 4.1 Fatty acid composition of palm oil, palm stearin and palm olein (major components only) [source Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia Porim Technology, Numbers 3 and 4 (1981)]...

The uses cited by Coleman and Macrae (1980) for the lipase catalysed reaction are examples of acidolysis and transesterification. Acidolysis is illustrated by the increase in l(3)-palmitoyl-3(l)-stearoyl-2-olein (POSt) resulting from the reaction of palm oil mid-fraction with stearic acid in the presence of a 1,3-specific enzyme, and by the increase in the content of linoleic acid in olive oil when that oil is reacted with linoleic acid in the presence of an enzyme with fatty acid specificity. An example of transesterification is shown by the increase in POSt triglycerides when a 1,3-specific enzyme is used to catalyse the interesterification of shea butter and palm oil mid-fraction. 

Paradoxically, linoleic acid, although an n-6 PUFA, has an athero-genetic role through oxidative stress and cytokine mediated inflammatory response on the endothelium (reviewed in ref. 103). Com oil (an n-6 PUFA source) increased oxidative stress and induced endothelial damage (104) On the other side, the incorporation of palm olein oil containing 38% palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid, into a moderate fat, moderate cholesterol diet of nonhuman primate has antiatherogenic activity independent of cholesterolemic effects (105). 

Gandhi, N.N. Sawant, S.B. Joshi, J.B. Studies on the lipozyme catalysed synthesis of butyl laurate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 46,1-12 (1995). Al-Mulla E.AL Yunus W.M.Z. Ibrahim N.A. Abdul Rahman M.Z. Enzymatic Synthesis of Palm Olein-based Fatty Thiohydroxamic Acids. 7. Oieo sci., 59, 569-573 (2010). 

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