Waste frying oil

Zheng, S., Kates, M., Dube, M.A. and McFean, D.D. (2006). Acid-Catalyzed Production of Biodiesel From Waste Frying Oil. Biomass Bioener., 30, 267-272. 

Haba, E., Espuny, M. J., Busquets, M., Manresa, A. (2000). Screening and production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 47T2 NCIB 40044 from waste frying oils. Journal of Applied... 

Zheng S, Kates M, Dube MA, McLean DD. Acid-catalyzed production of biodiesel from waste frying oil. Biomass Bioenergy 2006 30 267-272. 

Com oil is used as a feedstock in biodiesel production via transesterification either as a raw vegetable oil or as waste frying oil. Advantages and specifications of biodiesel obtained from com oil are examined in detail in the following subtopics. 

Waste eggshell was calcined and tested for transesterification of soybean oil to produce biodiesel in economical route. With oil to MeOH ratio of 1 9 and temperature of 65° C and 3% catalyst, it was observed that 95% biodiesel was produced in 3 h. It was observed that the waste eggshell possess high activity and reusability and can make the biodiesel process more economieal and environmental friendly [90], In another study, heterogeneous catalyst derived from snail shell for the synthesis of biodiesel was investigated for the transesterification of waste frying oil. With 1 9.6 ratio of oil to MeOH at 60° C for 8 h with 2% catalyst gave 87.28% biodiesel yield [91]. Snail shell is a novel source for catalyst and this study showed that process address environmental and economic aspects for the production of biodiesel in a sustainable way. 

In recent years, production of biodiesel has expanded in both the European Union and the United States. In2006, European countries prodnced approximately 5.6bilUon liters of biodiesel compared with 0.86biUion liters produced in the United States (Durret et al., 2008). The future development of biodiesel in Europe is mainly driven by the Renewable Energy Directive, which has a binding target of 10% biofuels in the transport sector until 2020. The main feedstock for biodiesel in Europe is still rapeseed oil, with a share of approximately 70% 13% is covered by soybean oil, and almost 7% comes from waste frying oil and animal fat (Mittelbach, 2010). Soybean oil is the primary source of biodiesel production in the United States (Karmakar et al., 2010). 

Girish, N., et al., 2013. Utilization of a cost effective solid catalyst derived from natural white bivalve clam shell for transesterification of waste frying oil. Fuel 111, 653—658. Available at http //www.sciencedirect.eom/science/article/pii/S0016236113002573 (accessed 25.06.15.). 

BDF is eco-friendly fuel because of its non-toxicity, biodegradability, low concentration of small particulate matter and SOx in exhaust gas, and because it does not add to the amount of carbon in the total environment. In addition, conversion of waste edible oil to BDF contributes to the reduction and recycle of the waste material. These advantages have attracted attention all over the world European demand for BDF was 3.2 million tons in 2005, and estimated to double in 2006. In United States, which firstly proposed BDF, the demand was 260 thousand tons in 2005. In Japan, meanwhile, several local governments including Kyoto city produce BDF from waste edible oil to use as a fuel for public transportation, but the total demand in 2005 was only several thousand tons because of difficulty of collecting used frying oils from households. 

Biodiesel is produced on the industrial scale by methanolysis of vegetable oUs (usually rape or soybean) or waste fat, particularly using frying oils. Methanolysis proceeds with modest amounts of base catalyst, provided the levels of free fatty acid and water in the oil are low (24, 25). The fatty acid content may be reduced by physical or chemical treatment before methanolysis but for waste fats, alternative processes that do not use base catalysis may be preferred. Lipase catalyzed methanolysis is less sensitive to fatty acid and water in the oil and has been tested in batch (26) and fixed-bed reactor (27) conversion of waste oil and grease to biodiesel. 

Waste animal fats and used frying oils (known as Fellow grease ) are also potential feedstocks. These are cheaper than soybean oil and are being considered as a way to reduce feedstock costs. 

CPO crude palm oil, PAO palm acid oil, CPKO crude palm kernel oil, PKAO pahn kernel acid oil, PFAD palm fatty acid distillate, PS palm stearin, PO palm olein, WFPO waste frying palm oil Source Unitata Ltd. Gunstone 2002 Shahidi 2005 Lertsathapornsuk et al. 2008)... 

To reduce costs, waste vegetable oil - resulting from food frying, for example - can be used as a sorption medium. Gravimetric tar removal efficiencies of fresh vegetable and waste cooking oils have been compared for scrubbers operating under otherwise... 

Charpe TW, Rathod VK (2010) Biodiesel production using >raste frying oil. Waste... 

Of the cell-free supernatants of strains grown on frying oils, those of P. aeruginosa 47T2 and of eight other Pseudomonas strains showed surface tension values from 32 to 36mN/m [32]. An emulsion with kerosene remained stable for three months. Abalos and co-workers [33] cultured P. aeruginosa ATIO in a mineral salts medium with 5% of waste-free fatty acids in a food-oil refinery. The final production of rhamnolipids was 9.5 g/1 after 96 hours. The surface tension of the supernatant reached 28 mN/m at this time. 

The author and colleagues have already written a revision on the valorization processes for waste cooking or frying oils (WFO) (Pinzi et al., 2014). Nevertheless, they deserve a special mention in this section due to its high quantity (15 million tons per year), easy availability and low-cost transformation methods (Lopresto et al., 2015). The conversion of all available WFO into biodiesel would cover the world demand for biofuels, increasing production sustainability, eliminating a harmful waste from the environment and overcoming the competition with food markets. 

Waste or scrap potato chips, french fries or crisps which have been cooked in oil for human consumption are very palatable and high in energy due to the fat taken up in deep frying. They consist of about 500g/kg starch, 350g/kg fat, 50g/kg CP and 30g/kg minerals, mainly potassium and sodium salts. Generally they have a high salt content, and a plentiful supply of fresh water should be made available if they are used in poultry diets. They can be included in diets for poultry at low levels. 

You could be exposed to acrolein in many other ways that have nothing to do with hazardous waste sites. Acrolein can be formed by the breakdown of many pollutants found in outdoor air. Burning tobacco and other plants forms acrolein, and you breathe acrolein when you smoke tobacco or are near someone who is smoking. You also breathe acrolein when you are near automobiles, because burning gasoline forms acrolein, which enters the air. If you live near an oil or coal power plant, you breathe small amounts of acrolein. Acrolein is formed when fats are heated. Small amounts of acrolein may also be found in foods such as fried foods, cooking oils, and roasted coffee. You could breathe acrolein if you work in an industry that uses acrolein to make other chemicals. 

New technologies and processes are available to convert crude vegetable oils and waste oils from frying and animal fats into biodiesel, either by a prerefining pretreatment or by a two step transesterification-esterihcation process (Fig. 10.7). 

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