Palm-fatty acid distillate

Palm fatty acid distillate Saponifiable matter 95% Min. (basis 97%)... 

Palm oil, both crude and refined, is a rich source of vitamin E, which consists of a mixture of tocotrienols and tocopherols. A technology for the preparation of a locotrinol-rich fraction (TRF) from palm fatty acid distillate has been developed. Palm Vitee (TRF in superolein and encapsulated) has been evaluated in a number of nutritional studies in both animals and humans. The nutritional properties of TRF are as follows ... 

Other tocotrienols (i.e., 3-, 8-) are also present (Syvaoja et al., 1986 Ong and Choo, 1997). Total vitamin E content in crude palm oil is between 600-1200 pg/g, while contents in palm oil fractions may be significantly smaller. Palm kernel oil has only <100 pg/g vitamers (Eitenmiller, 1997 Ong and Choo, 1997). Tocotrienols and tocopherols are concentrated up to eightfold in the palm fatty acid distillate compared with the crude palm oil, which enables extraction of vitamin E compounds from this by-product. 

Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a valuable by-product of palm oil processing, from which the production of tocopherols and tocotrienols is technically feasible (Ong and Choo, 1997). PFAD is wildly abundant, as palm oil is the second largest oil produced in the world. It contains 4000-8000 pg/g total vitamin E compounds, which is up to 10 times as much as crude palm oil contains (Tan, 1989 Ong and Choo, 1997). The tocopherol and tocotrienol profiles of PFAD and crude palm oil are similar, consisting of about 85% of tocotrienols, i.e., y-tocotrienol > a-tocotrienol > 8-tocotrienol (Tan, 1989). Because of cholesterol-lowering properties (Lane et al., 1999), the high level of tocotrienols makes PFAD an important source, because most other natural sources are devoid of tocotrienols. Fatty acids and esters, sterols and squalene are removed from PFAD as described above. Finally, the vitamin-E-rich product is purified and deodorized to yield a tocopherol/tocotrienol-rich product of 95-99% purity. 

The C30 hydrocarbon squalene is present at about 200-500 ppm in crude palm oil sesquiterpene (C15) and diterpene (C20) hydrocarbons are present at lower levels. Abdul Gapor and Hazrina (2000) reported squalene as high as 979 ppm in some crude oils and 791 ppm in refined oils. These levels are generally higher than that of other vegetable oils, with the exception of olive oil. Palm fatty acid distillate has 5000 ppm to 8000 ppm of squalene. Crude palm oil also has 10-80 ppm of ubiquinone 10 (Hazura et al. 1996). 

The Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), in association with Japanese researchers, developed a patented process (Australian patent PI7565/88) for the extraction of palm vitamin E, and this process has been commercialized. It can produce vitamin E concentrates ranging from 80 to 95% pure. Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) containing about 0.4% vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) is used as the starting raw material in the process. Apart from vitamin E, PFAD contains almost... 

Palm oil contains almost equal proportions of saturated (palmitic 48%, stearic 4%, and myristic 1%) and unsaturated acids (oleic 37% and linoleic 10%). The oil can be fractionated to give palm stearin, palm olein, and palm mid fraction. It is used mainly for food purposes but has some nonfood uses. Valuable by-products obtained from palm oil are carotene, tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E), and palm-fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Palm kernel oil is lauric oil, similar in composition to coconut oil (lauric acid 50% and myristic acid 16%) and contains palmitic acid (8%), capric acid (3%), caprilic acid (3%), stearic acid (2.5%), oleic acid (15%), and linoleic acid (2.5%). ... 

CPO crude palm oil, PAO palm acid oil, CPKO crude palm kernel oil, PKAO pahn kernel acid oil, PFAD palm fatty acid distillate, PS palm stearin, PO palm olein, WFPO waste frying palm oil Source Unitata Ltd. Gunstone 2002 Shahidi 2005 Lertsathapornsuk et al. 2008)... 

Ng, W.K., Wang, Y., Ketchimenin, P. and Yuen, K.H. (2004). Replacement of dietary fish oil with palm fatty acid distillate elevates tocopherol and tocotrienol concentrations and increases oxidative stability in the muscle of Afiican catfish, Clarias gariepinus. 

In addition to hydrolysed triglycerides, palm fatty acid distillates also contains a significant amount of palmitic acid. Palm fatty acid distillates is a byproduct of the palm oil refining process and contains predominantly FFA (palmitic, oleic and linoleic, and possibly some stearic acid) [71]. This byproduct, as well as similar byproducts from other crude oil refining processes, are thus also potential sources of palmitic acid. 

An excellent example of the implementation of SCFF to obtain palmitic acid from a plant source is the work of Brunner and Machado [7,72]. They conducted a detailed analysis on the fractionation of fatty acids from palm fatty acid distillates (99 % FFA (mainly palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid), 0.9 % squalene and 0.1 tocopherol) starting with a phase equilibrium analysis through to pilot plant studies and experimental verification of the separation. They postulated, from the phase equilibrium studies, that squalene and palmitie acid would be preferentially extracted and verified their postulation experimentally. They also considered a pseudo-binary mixture separation where palmitic acid is to be separated from oleic and linoleic acid and showed, using separation factors that this is possible. On pilot plant scale they showed that such a separation is feasible and balanced yield and extraet quality. At their optimum conditions (373 K, 29 MPa, extract to raffinate ratio of 1.2) they obtained an extract where the palmitic acid content was enriched from 52.5 % in the feed to 74.4 % in the extract and the oleic and linoleic acid content enriched from 46.3 % in the feed to 59.0 % in the raffinate. Squalene was also enriched in the extraet Irom 0.6 % in the feed to 1.2 % in the... 

Palm fatty acid distillates are produced from the physical refining of palm oil. These are used as the feedstock for the production of fatty acids. The properties and composition of the distillates produced by Malaysian refiners have been documented. 

Ahmad and colleagues studied SMEs made from palm stearin and palm fatty-acid distillates [8]. They conducted Terg-O-Tometer studies of built laundry powders, with and without phosphate. Evaluations took place in water hardness conditions ranging from 50 ppm to 500 ppm as CaCOj and from water temperatures ranging from room temperature to 60°C. They concluded that there was no difference in performance between the SME made from palm stearin and palm fatty-acid distillate. The SMEs were equal to or better than LAS in the nonphosphate test formulation at all conditions. The SMEs were equal to or better than LAS in both test formulations, with or without phosphate, in soft water. 

HPWO and CsHPWO supported on SiOa, MCM-41, and Z1O2 Sol-gel hydro-thermal method and two-step impregnation method Crude palm oil as called palm fatty acid distillate or PFAD) Up to 92% FAME 2013 Trakampruk (2013)... 

Trakampruk, W., 2013. Supported cesium polyoxotimgstates as catalysts for the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate. Mendeleev Communications 23, 46—48. 

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