Japanese research

The metabolite of 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole (used as an anaesthetic for fish) was identified (223) as 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole 2-N, -d-glucopyranosiduronic acid (71) (Scheme 50). The formation of this compound probably involves the reaction of the exocyclic nitrogen on the Open-chain form of the acid. The isolation of this metabolite is part of a very Systematic study by Japanese researchers related to the anaesthetic... 

Japanese researchers are ahead of their U.S. counterparts in the application of laser and electron beams and solid-phase epitaxy for the fabrication of silicon-on-insulator structures. 

Content of carthamin in Indian safflower florets ranges from 0.3 to 0.6% improved methods for extraction from safflower and alternative production by tissue culture reported recently, mainly by Japanese researchers... 

Simulation experiments of a different type were carried out by two Japanese researchers (Matsunu, 2000 Imai et al., 1999a, b). They used a simulation reactor to study processes which may occur at hydrothermal vents (see Sect. 7.2). In this case, the activation energy for the polycondensation reaction of amino acids has its origin in the Earth s interior. In the high pressure hot water reactor used, the reaction... 

Recently, a Japanese research group published preclinical safety and efficacy data of an oral antiestrogen (TZE-5323) (Saito et al. 2003). This drug has been shown to have a strong affinity for human ERa and ER/i and a dose-dependent capacity to inhibit estradiol-stimulated transcriptional activation (Saito et al. 2003). In the experimental endometriosis model in rats, TZE-5323 dose-dependently reduced the volume of the endometrial implant with an effectiveness similar to that of danazol and leuprorelin acetate without causing significant changes in bone mineral density and in serum estradiol levels (Saito et al. 2003). 

However, intramolecular O-alkylation can be performed under particular conditions leading to of annelation of a seven-membered heterocycle. Japanese researchers (170) prepared the corresponding seven-membered cyclic nitronates (50a-c) in good yields by the reaction of triethylamine with brominated aryl ketones (49a-c) containing the nitromethyl group in the ortho position. 

An interesting approach to the synthesis of acyl nitronates was developed by the Japanese research group headed by Yoshikoshi (226-228) (Scheme 3.68). 

Rearrangements of Cyclic Nitronates Many rearrangements of cyclic nitronates occur under the action of LA and involve the interaction with the negative end of the dipole as the initial step. If an aryl substituent is bound to the C-4 atom, deep skeletal rearrangements, including annelation, are possible. Japanese researchers (321) systematically studied the reactions of a representative... 

Japanese researchers varied aryl substituent at C-4 in nitronate (147), LA, and the reaction conditions, they used successfully diastereomerically pure nitronates (147) (Scheme 3.121) for the synthesis of various fused-ring systems, such as benzofuro-[3,2-d]-l,2-oxazines (322), furo-[3,4-d]-isoxazoles (323—326), indolo-[2,3-b]-l-pyrroline 1-oxides (327), 4//-1,2-benzoxazines (328), benzofuro-[2,3-c]-tetrahydropyrans (329), and monocyclic 1,2-oxazines (330). 

Recently, Japanese researchers have performed several asymmetric syntheses with SENAs (460-462) catalyzed by chiral ammonium cations A or A (see Scheme 3.196). 

However, the more important question of whether AN can be used in C,C-coupling reactions with nucleophiles remains open. It should be noted that Japanese researchers demonstrated in several studies that these transformations can be performed for benzene and certain electron-rich arenes (477). Just the same, this procedure requires severe conditions (the use of superacids at high... 

This work was supported by the Japanese Research Ministry (NEDO 01GB1). 

Amphiphilic compounds and other chemicals used are shown in Figs. 5 [3,4] and 6 [36] together with their abbreviations. The synthetic procedures for A-S-D triad, A-S dyad, and H light harvesting antenna molecules in Fig. 5 were described previously [3,37,38]. A cationic cyanine dye with two long alkyl chains (CD) in Fig. 5 was purchased from Japanese Research Institute for Photosensitizing Dyes,... 

Rescinnamine-type derivatives containing differently substituted cin-namoyloxy functions at C-18 have been investigated extensively by Japanese researchers (371-376). Rescimetol (623), an effective antihypertensive agent... 

Much greater success with chiral polymer catalysts was obtained by Norio Kobayashi (20). The Japanese researcher copolymerized quinine and acrylonitrile, using the vinyl group of the cinchona alkaloid as the connecting site. Enantiomeric yields of nearly 50% were realized with this polymer. 

Japanese researchers have begun to evaluate alloying additions—Al, Ni, Co, and Mo—to vanadium in hopes decreasing the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement4 5. 

Considerable activity has been generated on composite reverse osmosis membranes by Japanese researchers. Patent applications were recently published, for example, covering research at Teijin Ltd. on interfacially formed membranes prepared from polydiallylamines (17) and from amine adducts of trls-(glycidyl) isocyanurate (18). Both types of membranes were formed on micro-porous polysulfone supports. Kurihara and coworkers have developed a composite membrane, designated PEC-1000, which is formed by an... 

The in vivo model of choice for HP infections is the Mongohan gerbil model developed by Japanese researchers. This model was a major advancement and has accelerated investigations of the anti-HP activities of natural products. A number of botanical extracts have been tested in this animal model and have shown to have significant activity. 

While attempts to express it in E. coli bacteria have failed, Japanese researchers have succeeded in preparing genetically modified plants, such as... 

In 06MI2, aminothiazole 259 was synthesized. Recently, Japanese researchers have used this method for the synthesis of benzothiophene analogs 260 and 261 (09NJC1368). 

In addition, compounds isolated by non-Japanese researchers have been assigned specific uses by Japanese scientists for potential agricultural use. 

Japanese researchers very carefully followed the oxidation of sodium sulfide Na2S (A) to sodium thiosulfate Na2S203 (R) in a batch reactor. Intermediates were measured and the results found were sketched in Fig. E8.3. 

My cryonicist friends refuse to give up hope that memories still reside in the brain cell interconnections and chemistry, much of which can be preserved. Maybe they are right. After all, far back in the 1950s, hamster brains were partially frozen and revived by British researcher Audrey Smith. If hamster brains can function after being frozen, why can t ours In the 1960s, Japanese researcher Isamu Suda froze cat brains for a month and then thawed them. Some brain activity persisted. ... 

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