Tocopherols, tocotrienols

E Tocopherols, tocotrienols Antioxidant, especially in cell membranes Extremely rare—serious neurologic dysfunction... 

XU z, HUA N, GODBER s (2001) Antioxidant activity of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and y-oryzanol components from rice bran against cholesterol oxidation accelerated by 2, 2 -azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride. J Agri Food Chem, 49 2077-81. 

Halliwell B, Rafter J and Jenner A (2005), Health promotion by flavonoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and other phenols direct or indirect effects Antioxidant or not , Am J Clin Nutr, 81 (Suppl), 268S-276S. 

Anti-immunoglobulin-G (anti-IgG), in immunoblotting, 207 Antioxidants lipid oxidation, 526 synthetic, added to prevent lipid oxidation, 556-557 in tocopherol/tocotrienol preparation, 487... 

Bran, tocopherols/tocotrienols in rice bran oil, 488 (figs.)... 

Infant formula, tocopherol/tocotrienol analysis, 479, 487, 489 (table) Infrared spectroscopy, see also Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy fat measurement, 572 trans fatty acids, 505 Infrared/ultrasonic scanner for emulsion creaming, 597-598 Injection techniques for GC, 449 Insoluble recombinant proteins, purification of, 276... 

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), cholesterol measurement, 456-458 Rhamnogalacturonanas, 735 Rice bran oil, tocopherols/tocotrienols in, 488 (figs.)... 

Valencia oil. see Citrus Orange Valine, hydrolysis, effect on, 134 Vapor pressure, 4. see Water activity Vapor pressure manometer (VPM), 61 -66 Vegetable oils characteristics of, 525 refined, tocopherol/tocotrienol... 

The use of a modified starch, corn starch sodium octenyl succinate derivative, for encapsulation of sea buckthorn kernel oil (containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, plant sterols and carotenoids) by spray-drying was found to improve oil stability. Better protection was afforded when the starch encapsulant was stored in its glassy state (Partanen et al. 2002). Methylcellulose and hydroxymethy-oellulose in combination with soy lecithin enabled the production of 40% (W/W) fish oil powders with improved stability (Kolanowski et al. 2004). 

Bergman, C.J. Xu, Z. 2003. Genotype and environment effects on tocopherol, tocotrienol, and y-oryzanol contents of southern U.S. rice. Cereal Chem. 80 446-449. 

Aguilar-Garcia, C. Gavino, G. Baragano-Mosqueda, M. Hevia, P. Gavino, V.C. 2007. Correlation of tocopherol, tocotrienol, y-oryzanol and total polyphenol content in rice hran with different antioxidant capacity assays. Food Chem. 102 1228-1232. Awad, A.B. Fink, C.S. 2000. Phytosterols as anticancer dietary components evidence and mechanism of action. J. Nutr. 130 2127-2130. 

Much less is known on the antioxidant activity of tocotrienols than tocopherols. Tocotrienols were shown to have similar reactivities to peroxyl radicals and antioxidant activities than tocopherols in solution and membranes (Yoshida et ah, 2003) also, in general, y-tocotrienol was a better antioxidant than a-tocotrienol, and tocotrienols were better than tocopherols in oil systems (Seppanen et ah, 2010). Recently, Muller et ah (2010) conducted a comparative study to investigate the four tocopherols, four tocotrienols, and a-tocopheryl acetate on their antioxidant activities in five different popular in vitro assays (FRAP, a-TEAC, DPPH, ORAC, and CL), which were adapted to nonpolar antioxidants. Most notably, they found that a-tocopheryl acetate, a popular ingredient in supplements, had no significant antioxidant activity in vitro. However, once ingested, tocol esters are hydrolyzed and antioxidant activities are retained. Overall, the eight tocols performed similarly in the five assays. The authors concluded that in vitro antioxidant assays performed in polar solvents are not a good way to predict in vivo antioxidant activity. 

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methods have been reported for the quantitative analysis of a-tocopherol (Silva et ah, 2009) and total tocopherols, tocotrienols, and plastochromanol-8 (Ahmed et al., 2005). 

Ahmed, M.K. Daun, J.K. Przybylski, R. 2005. FT-IR based methodology for quantitation of total tocopherols, tocotrienols, and plastochromanol-8 in vegetable oils. J. Food Comp. Anal. 18 359-364. 

Schwartz, H. Ollilainen, V. Piironen, V. Lampi, A.M. 2008. Tocopherol, tocotrienol, and plant sterol contents of vegetable oils and industrial fats. J. Food Comp. Anal. 21 152-161. 

The combined effects of the properties of the carotenoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols and the 50% unsaturation of the acids confer on palm oil a higher oxidative stability as compared to a lot of other vegetable oils. 

The deodorizer distillate, about 1% of deodorizer feed, contains tocopherols, tocotrienols, and sterols (Table 10). The tocols are shown in Table 11 and the sterols in Table 12. Its value is similar to other oil distillates. 

Figure 5. Chromanol ring and isoprenoid side chains in tocopherols, tocotrienols (n = 3), and plastochromanol-8 (n=8, R)=H, R2=CH3 ) in vegetable oils (for systematic names, see Table 6).

TABLE 6. Structures, Trivial, and lUPAC Numbers of Tocopherols, Tocotrienols, and Related Compounds Present in Vegetable Oils. 

TABLE 7. Levels (mg/100 g) of Tocopherol, Tocotrienols, and Related Compounds In Selected Vegetable Oils. 

Palm oil (also its fraction, palmolein) has good frying stability because of its high contents of gamma- and delta-tocotrienols, aside from the corresponding tocopherols. Tocotrienols contain three unsaturated double bonds as compared with the... 

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