Paints emissions

A limited number of sink effect studies have been conducted in full-sized environments. Tichenor et al. [20] showed the effect of sinks on indoor concentrations of total VOCs in a test house from the use of a wood stain. Sparks et al. [50] reported on test house studies of several indoor VOC sources (i.e., p-dichlorobenzene moth cakes, clothes dry-cleaned with perchloroethylene, and aerosol perchloroethylene spot remover) and they were compared with computer model simulations. These test house studies indicated that small-chamber-derived sink parameters and kj) may not be applicable to full-scale, complex environments. The re-emission rate (kj) appeared to be much slower in the test house. This result was also reported by other investigators in a later study [51]. New estimates of and were provided,including estimates of fca (or deposition velocity) based on the diffusivity of the VOC molecule [50]. In a test house study reported by Guo et al. [52], ethylbenzene vapor was injected at a constant rate for 72 h to load the sinks. Re-emissions from the sinks were determined over a 50-day period using a mass-balance approach. When compared with concentrations that would have occurred by simple dilution without sinks, the indoor concentrations of ethylbenzene were almost 300 times higher after 2 days and 7 times higher after 50 days. Studies of building bake-out have also included sink evaluations. Offermann et al. [53] reported that formaldehyde and VOC levels were reduced only temporarily by bake-out. They hypothesized that the sinks were depleted by the bake-out and then returned to equilibrium after the post-bake-out ventilation period. Finally, a test house study of latex paint emissions and sink effects again showed that... 

Repeat Problem 9-9 if the roof is painted with aluminum paint (emissivity of 0.9, absorptivity for solar radiation of 0.5). 

Some of the mixed xylenes that ate produced are used as solvents in the paints and coatings industry (see Solvents, industrial). However, this use has declined, particularly in the United States as environmental efforts to reduce hydrocarbon emissions into the air have increased. 

When the spectral characteristics of the source itself are of primary interest, dispersive or ftir spectrometers are readily adapted to emission spectroscopy. Commercial instmments usually have a port that can accept an input beam without disturbing the usual source optics. Infrared emission spectroscopy at ambient or only moderately elevated temperatures has the advantage that no sample preparation is necessary. It is particularly appHcable to opaque and highly scattering samples, anodized and painted surfaces, polymer films, and atmospheric species (135). The interferometric... 

Trichloroethylene use has declined as a result of environmental concerns. However, trichloroethylene may replace some 1,1,1-trichloroethane appHcations. Perchloroethylene used in small businesses for dry cleaning will be regulated for emissions under the same guidelines as those that govern the large chemical producers. This will cause replacement of perchloroethylene for those appHcations where recovery is uneconomical. Methylene chloride has been classified as a suspected carcinogen and its use will decline in aerosol and paint stripping appHcations because of health concerns. 

J. Berry, "Control of Volatile Organic Compound (V OC) Emissions from Painting Operations ia the United States," Polymers Paint Colour J. 181(4281), (Apr. 17,1991). 

Gloss Enamels. In contrast to exterior and flat wall paint, about half of the gloss paint or enamels sold are based on alkyd resins. Professional painters particularly favor the continued use of alkyd gloss paints. The need for reduction of VOC emission levels, especially in California, has led to efforts to increase the soflds content of alkyd paints or overcome the disadvantages of latex gloss paints. 

In the manufacture of varnish, heat is necessary for formulation and purificahon. The same may be true of operations preparing paints, shellac, inks, and other protective or decorative coahngs. The compounds emitted to the atmosphere are gases, some with extremely low odor thresholds. Acrolein, with an odor threshold of about 4000 /xg/m, and reduced sulfur compounds, with odor thresholds of 2 are bofh possible emissions... 

For VOCs, control options are multiple. Source reduction or removal includes product substitution or reformulation. Particleboard or pressed w ood has been developed and used extensively in building materials for cabinet bases and subflooring and in furniture manufacturing for frames. If the product is not properly manufactured and cured prior to use as a building material, VOCs can outgas into the interior of the residence or building. Other sources of VOCs may be paints, cleaning solutions, fabrics, binders, and adhesives. Proper use of household products will lower volatile emissions. 

The most widespread and persistent urban pollution problem is ozone. The causes of this and the lesser problem of CO and PMjq pollution in our urban areas are largely due to the diversity and number of urban air pollution sources. One component of urban smog, hydrocarbons, comes from automobile emissions, petroleum refineries, chemical plants, dry cleaners, gasoline stations, house painting, and printing shops. Another key component, nitrogen oxides, comes from the combustion of fuel for transportation, utilities, and industries. 

Adhesion of paints and adhesives to TPOs is especially problematical due to the aliphatic nature of the substrate material. In Europe, plasma and corona treatment is employed to render these surfaces wettable and obtain strong adhesion by adhesives and paints in automotive manufacture. In the United States, however, primers based on solvent-borne chlorinated polyolefin oligomers (CPOs) have become the treatment of choice for these substrate materials. The VOC emissions from these primers are considerable (as in all solvent-borne adhesives), but the less... 

Building maintenance schedules Try to schedule maintenance activities that interfere with HVAC operation or produce odors and emissions (e.g., painting, roofing operations) so that they occur when the building is unoccupied. Inform occupants when such activities are scheduled and, if possible, use local ventilation to ensure that dust and odors are confined to the work area. 

Spreadsheet template that calculates expected VOC emissions from use of paints, inks, and coatings. Prints out I PA data forms. 

Paints and Resins Coloring and tinting Solvent blending Emissions monitoring and control... 

Airborne contaminant movement in the building depends upon the type of heat and contaminant sources, which can be classified as (1) buoyant (e.g., heat) sources, (2) nonbuoyant (diffusion) sources, and (d) dynamic sources.- With the first type of sources, contaminants move in the space primarily due to the heat energy as buoyant plumes over the heated surfaces. The second type of sources is characterized by cimtaminant diffusion in the room in all directions due to the concentration gradient in all directions (e.g., in the case of emission from painted surfaces). The emission rare in this case is significantly affected by the intensity of the ambient air turbulence and air velocity, dhe third type of sources is characterized by contaminant movement in the space with an air jet (e.g., linear jet over the tank with a push-pull ventilation), or particle flow (e.g., from a grinding wheel). In some cases, the above factors influencing contaminant distribution in the room are combined. 

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