P38 MAPK pathways

Stuhlmeier, K.M. and Pollaschek, C., Differential effect of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) on the genes encoding hyaluronan synthases and utilization of the p38 MAPK pathway in TGF-beta-induced hyaluronan synthase 1 activation, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 8753, 2004. 

Caglar, C., Casella, R.C., Eaves, C.A., Matsuzawa, A., Ichijo, H., Mitchell, T.C. Selective activation of the p38 MAPK pathway by synthetic monophosphoryl lipid A. J Biol Chem 284 (2009) 31982-31991. 

Bromelain is a mixture of cysteine proteases obtained from pineapple stems (Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae) that has been used therapeutically for the treatment of inflammation and trauma [119]. 7n vitro, it has varied stimulatory effects on leukocyte populations, increases CD2-mediated T cell activation, enhances Ag-independent binding to monocytes, etc. The effects of bromelain have previously been attributed to its degradative action at cell surfaces. However, it also acts independent of the removal of cell surface molecules [120]. In order to investigate the possible hormonelike effects of bromelain on intracellular signalling, its effects on TCR7CD3 signalling and IL-2 production were studied. It was observed that bromelain inhibits ERK-2 activation in ThO cells stimulated via the TCR, or with combined TPA plus calcium ionophore. In addtion, bromelain decreased IL-2, IFN-y, and IL-4 mRNA accumulation in ThO cells stimulated with TPA plus calcium ionophore, while the cytokine mRNA accumulation in cells stimulated via TCR was not affected. It seems that bromelain does not act on ERK-2 directly but also inhibits p2r activation, an effector molecule upstream from ERK-2 in the Raf-1/MEKl/ERK kinase cascade. Since p21 is an effector for multiple MAPK pathways, it is likely that bromelain affects other MAPK signalling cascades, such as the INK pathway or p38 MAPK pathway [121],... 

From other work, it appears possible that cell-specific effects could impact on the importance of certain transduction pathways that are associated with the ARE. Two independent studies that looked at the MAPK pathways involved in the regulation of human HO-1 induction in response to cadmium reported different findings. In MCF-7 human mammary epithelial cells, cadmium activated the ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK pathways (90). These experiments employed pharmacological inhibitors and dominant-negative mutants to deduce that basal and... 

Liu, L Wang, L Zhao, Y Wang, Y Wang, Z. and Qiao, Z. (2006) Testosterone attenuates p38 MAPK pathway during Leishmania donovani infection of macrophages. Parasitology Research, 99, 189-193. 

Rodriguez-Ramiro I, Ramos S, Bravo L, Goya L, Martin MA. Procyanidin B2 induces Nrf2 translocation and glutathione S-transferase PI expression via ERKs and p38-MAPK pathways and protect human colonic cells against oxidative stress. Eur J Nutr 51(7), 881-892, 2012. 

Hur JM, Hyun MS, Lim SY, Lee WY, Kim D (2009) The combination of berberine and irradiation enhances anti-cancer effects via activation of p38 MAPK pathway and ROS generation in human hepatoma cells. J Cell Biochem 107 955-964... 

Jupp OJ, Mcfarlane SM, Anderson HM, Littlejohn AF, Mohamed AA, MacKay RH, Vandenabeele P, MacEwan, D.J. Type II tumour necrosis factor-alpha receptor (TNFR2) activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or p38 MAPK pathways. Biochem J 2001 359 525-535. 

Kamiya, T. Hara, H. Yamada, H. Imai, H. Inagaki, N. Adachi, T. (2008). Cobalt chloride decreases EC-SOD expression through intracellular ROS generation and p38-MAPK pathways in COS7 cells. Free Radic Res, Vol. 42, No. 11-12, pp. 949-956, ISSN 1071-5762. 

TGF-Pl, is the most abundant member of the TGF-P superfamily (Janssens et al, 2005). It impacts cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of both chondrocytes and osteoblasts (Selvamurugan et al, 2004). TGF-Pl signaling pathway occurs through Smad activation as well as through non-Smad pathways including activation of the ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK pathways (Moustakas and Heldin, 2005, Blaney Davidson et al, 2007). TGF-P is found in the ECM surrounding osteoblasts as well as in chondrocytes. 

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