Oxidizing liquids

The conventional electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide tends to give formic acid as the major product, which can be obtained with a 90% current efficiency using, for example, indium, tin, or mercury cathodes. Being able to convert CO2 initially to formates or formaldehyde is in itself significant. In our direct oxidation liquid feed fuel cell, varied oxygenates such as formaldehyde, formic acid and methyl formate, dimethoxymethane, trimethoxymethane, trioxane, and dimethyl carbonate are all useful fuels. At the same time, they can also be readily reduced further to methyl alcohol by varied chemical or enzymatic processes. 

Liquid-Phase Oxidation. Liquid-phase catalytic oxidation of / -butane is a minor production route for acetic acid manufacture. Formic acid (qv) also is produced commercially by Hquid-phase oxidation of / -butane (18) (see HYDROCARBON OXIDATION). 

Table 2. Physical Properties of Ethylene Oxide Liquid from —40 to +195.8°C ...

This type of pump is used to handle abrasive, chemically corrosive, and oxidizing liquids, where conventional pumps would require exotic alloys. The wet end of these pumps is non-metallic or lined and coated, sealing and isolating any metal component. The power end is normal. 

This is a special chemical effectively used for column bioreactors. It is a volatile compound and strong oxidising agent. It boils at ambient temperature, therefore the solution of ethylene oxide (liquid phase) must be stored in a refrigerator (4 °C). An excellent oxidising agent such as a 3% sodium hypochlorite is used for chemical sterilisation of equipment. 

Possible blast hazards associated with use of the propellant combination liquid dinitrogen oxide-liquid carbon monoxide have been evaluated. 

In situ hybridization Indium tin oxide Liquid chromatography... 

Ethylene oxide liquid, physical properties of, 20 634t... 

In one experiment the checkers used 3-butyn-l-ol available from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., and found that it was of satisfactory purity. In other experiments, both the submitters and the checkers prepared the hydroxy compound from sodium acetylide and ethylene oxide in liquid ammonia according to the procedure described by Schulte and Reiss3 and further attempted to maximize the yield by varying the ratio of sodium ethylene oxide liquid ammonia used ip the reaction. Unfortunately, the checkers failed to obtain consistent results in repeated experiments and consequently could not define the optimum conditions for the reaction. Thus, the yield of 3-butyn-l-ol varied from 15 to 45% and 15 to 31% on the basis of sodium and ethylene oxide, respectively. Unknown and apparently subtle experimental factors affect the yield significantly. 

Table 14.4 Specific impulse (oxidizer liquid oxygen) at = 5 MPa and 8 = 100.

A rocket engine, Fig. El.l, burns a stoichiometric mixture of fuel (liquid hydrogen) in oxidant (liquid oxygen). The combustion chamber is cylindrical, 75 cm long and 60 cm in diameter, and the combustion process produces 108 kg/s of exhaust gases. If combustion is complete, find the rate of reaction of hydrogen and of oxygen. 

Wm. F. VanLoenen, USP 2530489 (1950) CA 45, 2670 (1951). It is disclosed that a mixture of Mg, C and MgO obtained by the Hansgirg process (see below) protected by hydrocarbon oils and a metallic carbide, such as CaC2 or a phosphide, form an incendiary composition which ignites in water or similar oxidizing liquid... 

The mixture is cooled to 10 C in an ice-bath while 5ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide is slowly added dropwise to the continuously swirled solution. When the oxidized liquid has warmed to 20°C, it is gently heated for about 10 minutes on the steam bath until a brown-red color is fully developed. The solution is now transferred to an evaporating dish and heated on the steam bath under the hood for 30 minutes to volatilize much of the excess ammonia. Any brown-black insoluble eobaltic oxide is now filtered off and the filtrate is cooled in ice while 50ml of 35% nitric acid is slowly added. 

S oxidation Liquid-liquid extraction Stripper Solvent... 

Flammable Liquids Oxidizing Liquids Compressed Gases Corrosive to Metals... 

Propylene oxide (mp, -104°C bp, 34°C) is a colorless, reactive, volatile liquid with uses similar to those of ethylene oxide. Its toxic effects are like those of ethylene oxide, though less severe. The properties of butylene oxide (liquid bp, 63°C) are also similar to those of ethylene oxide. The oxidation product of 1,3-butadiene, 1,2,3,4-butadiene epoxide, is a direct-acting (primary) carcinogen. 

The Bashkirov oxidation (liquid-phase oxidation of n-alkanes or cycloalkanes in the presence of boric acid and hydrolysis) yields the corresponding secondary alcohols [16, 17]. The reaction is used industrially for oxidation of C10 to C18 n-alkanes, providing raw materials for detergents and for oxidation of cyclododecane to cyclo-dodecanol as an intermediate for the production of Nylon 12 (Table 1, entry 8). The process is not of much commercial importance in the western world, however. Oxidation in the absence of boric acids usually leads to mixtures of alcohols, ketones, and carboxylic acids (Table 1, entry 9). 

The foam-scrubbing technique has been studied for a variety of gases, including ammonia, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, formaldehyde, and nitrogen oxides. Liquid and solid streams that have been experimented with include sulfuric acid fog and mist, dust, fly ash, and methylene blue. 

Samples Electro-oxidized liquids Aa Da A Da Rb SDC d IFSS6 ILSSf... 

The focus of this study is the chemistry of the partially pyrolyzed and oxidized liquid fuel which survives as pyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis proceed. The experiments have been designed so that these products are not completely destroyed and can be recovered for analysis. The analyses include measurements of basic nitrogen, average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and unsubstituted aromatics by gas chromatography, and Hi NMR studies to determine average molecular structure parameters. 

On exposure to water, an anhydrous oxide can become hydrated by physical adsorption of water molecules without dissociation, dissociative chemisorption of water leading to new hydroxy groups, and finally to the formation of superficial oxyhydroxide or hydroxide, such as for MgO [14]. When silica groups are exposed to water for an extended time, their hydroxylation produces polymeric chains of -Si(0H)2-0-Si(0H)2 0H groups which can link up to form three-dimensional silica gel networks. Around 2 nm thick silica gel layers have been observed on silica surfaces prepared by evaporation of silica on mica which were exposed to humid air [70], Thus, it may be postulated that surface groups are present not only in a two-dimensional oxide-liquid interface, but also in a bulk phase of finite thickness extending from the surface into the interior of the solid [71]. 

Originally, acetic acid was produced by fermentation this is still the major process for the production of vinegar. Modern production is by acetaldehyde oxidation, liquid phase hydrocarbon oxidation and preferentially by methanol carbonylation. The latter process is to be preferred because of the low raw material and energy costs. As early as 1913 BASF described the carbonylation of methanol at high temperature and pressure ... 

The propulsion assembly of a rocket or -> Missile. The driving force can be produced by burning liquid fuels in liquid oxidizers (liquid oxygen, nitric acid, or other oxidants such as liquid fluorine), by burning of solid propellants (-> Solid Propellant Rockets), by burning solid fuels in liquid oxidizers (-> Hybrids), or by catalytic decomposition of endothermal compounds (-> Hydrazine-, - Aerozim, - Aurol). 

Explosion prevention can be practiced by mixing decomposable gases with inert diluents. For example, acetylene can Be made nonexplosive at a pressure of 100 atm (10.1 MPa) by including 14.5 percent water vapor and 8 percent butane (Bodurtha, 1980). One way to prevent the decomposition reaction of ethylene oxide vapor is to use methane gas to blanket the ethylene oxide liquid. 

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