Oxidizers, propellant liquid oxygen

Propellants used during WWII were usually liquid bipropellants, consisting of gasoline, aromatic amines and alcohol as combustibles with oxidants, such as liquid oxygen, hydrogen... 

Aliphatic hydrocarbons petrol, paraffin. In the U.S.A. several types of combustibles for liquid propellant jet aircraft are used. One of them, i.e. JP-4, is employed for rocket propulsion, with nitric acid as an oxidizing agent (it can also be used with hydrogen peroxide or liquid oxygen). The specification of JP-4, is as follows ... 

The propulsion assembly of a rocket or -> Missile. The driving force can be produced by burning liquid fuels in liquid oxidizers (liquid oxygen, nitric acid, or other oxidants such as liquid fluorine), by burning of solid propellants (-> Solid Propellant Rockets), by burning solid fuels in liquid oxidizers (-> Hybrids), or by catalytic decomposition of endothermal compounds (-> Hydrazine-, - Aerozim, - Aurol). 

Use Blast furnaces copper smelting steel production (basic oxygen converter process) manufacture of synthesis gas for production of ammonia, methyl alcohol, acetylene, etc. oxidizer for liquid rocket propellants resuscitation, heart stimulant decompression chambers spacecraft chemical intermediate to replace air in oxidation of municipal and industrial organic wastes to counteract effect of eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs coal gasification. 

Finally, we note that propellants for rockets and the like are often explosive mixtures of liquids 100% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), liquid oxygen, and even liquid fluorine have been used as oxidants in rockets for light substances such as hydrazine (N2H4) or unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine [(CH3)2N—NH2], while torpedoes and submarines have been powered with diesel fuel oxidized by hydrogen peroxide. Indeed, had the fast Walter H2 02-turbine U-boats come into service earlier than December 1944, the Second World War might have taken a rather different turn. 

Petroleum-based propellants are usually made of high-purity refined kerosene, i.e., n-dode-cane (n-C H J denoted by the acronym RP-1. The chemical purity of the petroleum is an important parameter as combustion residues (e.g., soot, coke and tar) must be kept at a minimum to prevent clogging. Petroleum fuels are usually used in combination with liquid oxygen as the oxidizer. Despite dehvering a lower specific impulse than cryogenic fuels, kerosene performs better than hypergolic propellants. 

FUELS, MISSILE. United States Defense Research reports chat aluminum is resistant to many oxidizers and fuels used as missile propellants. Aluminum alloys are used with chlorine trifluoride, ethylene oxide. fluorine, hydrazine, unsymmetrica dimethyl hydrazine, hydrogen pero.tide, liquid oxygen, nitrogen tetroxide (0.1% or less moisture), fuming nitric acid, n-propyl nitrate, liquid nitrogen, alkyl bor-anes, perchloryl fluoride (anhydrous) and liquid hydrogen. Ref Titan II Storable Propellant Handbook—Bell Aerospace Company. New York. Report No. 8111-933003... 

As we have already mentioned, liquid oxygen is, and probably will remain, the "work horse" of the liquid-propellant oxidizers, A rocket uses about five times as much oxidizer as fuel on a weight basis [6]. Liquid oxygen has a decided advantage in cost since it may be distilled from liquid air and is comparatively cheap. It is also noncorrosive and fairly easy to handle by existing methods. 

Although modern chemistry allows development of even more effective rocket propellants, energy efficiency is not the only consideration factor. For example, fluorine and its derivatives arc better oxidizers than oxygen, but their extreme toxicity make them environmentally dangerous. The same concerns prevent the use of beryllium hydride—an excellent fuel that combines high density with the energy efficiency comparable to liquid hydrogen. 

See Dichlorine oxide Dicyanogen Fluorine Halogens Oxygen (Liquid) Liquefied gases Ozone Dicyanogen ROCKET PROPELLANTS... 

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